Step 1

Mix salt, cocoa powder, benne seeds, maple sugar, caraway seeds, and chile flakes in a large bowl until well combined.Do Ahead: Cocoa rub can be made 2 weeks ahead. Store airtight at room temperature.

Step 2

Place a rack in top of oven; preheat to 400°. Cut oranges into 6 rounds each and set aside.

Step 3

Rinse catfish and pat dry with paper towels. Place fillets on a rimmed baking sheet and sprinkle liberally on both sides with rub. Drizzle with oil, then arrange orange slices on top of fillets.

Step 4

Roast catfish until flesh flakes easily when gently pressed with your finger, 7–9 minutes. (For thicker varieties of fish, increase the cooking time to 10–12 minutes.)

Step 5

To serve, transfer orange slices to a platter and arrange fish on top.