Green tea - Wikipedia

Step 1

^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Khan N, Mukhtar H (2013). "Tea and health: studies in humans". Current Pharmaceutical Design (Literature Review). 19 (34): 6141–7. doi:10.2174/1381612811319340008. PMC 4055352. PMID 23448443. ^ a b c d "Green tea". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. September 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2018. Green tea extracts haven't been shown to produce a meaningful weight loss in overweight or obese adults. They also haven't been shown to help people maintain a weight loss. ^ Dattner, Christine; Boussabba, Sophie (2003). Emmanuelle Javelle (ed.). The Book of Green Tea. Universe Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7893-0853-5. ^ a b I.T. Johnson & G. Williamson, Phytochemical functional foods, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2003, pp. 135-145 ^ Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council, Diet, nutrition, and cancer, Washington: D.C National Academies Press, 1982, p. 286. ^ USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1 (2007) ^ a b c "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (tea), including catechins in green tea, and improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (ID 1106, 1310), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 1310, 2657), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 1108), maintenance of normal blood LDL cholesterol concentrations (ID 2640), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1110, 1119), protection of DNA from oxidative damage (ID 1120, 1121), protection of lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1275), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 1117, 2812), "cardiovascular system" (ID 2814), "invigoration of the body" (ID 1274, 3280), decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms (ID 1118), "immune health" (ID 1273) and "mouth" (ID 2813) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006". European Food Safety Authority. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2014. ^ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (2010). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061". EFSA Journal. 8 (2): 1489. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ A. Bascom, Incorporating herbal medicine into clinical practice, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2002, p. 153. ^ Seeram, Navindra P.; Henning, Susanne M.; Niu, Yantao; Lee, Rupo; Scheuller, H. Samuel; Heber, David (2006-03-01). "Catechin and Caffeine Content of Green Tea Dietary Supplements and Correlation with Antioxidant Capacity". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (5): 1599–1603. doi:10.1021/jf052857r. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 16506807. ^ "Update on the USP Green Tea Extract Monograph". USP. April 10, 2009. ^ Filippini, T; Malavolti, M; Borrelli, F; Izzo, AA; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Horneber, M; Vinceti, M (March 2020). "Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (11): CD005004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3. PMC 7059963. PMID 32118296. ^ a b Filippini T, Malavolti M, Borrelli F, Izzo AA, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Horneber M, et al. (2020). "Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 3 (11): CD005004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3. PMC 7059963. PMID 32118296. ^ Hou IC, Amarnani S, Chong MT, Bishayee A (June 2013). "Green tea and the risk of gastric cancer: epidemiological evidence". World J Gastroenterol (Review). 19 (24): 3713–22. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i24.3713. PMC 3699047. PMID 23840110. ^ Caini, S; Cattaruzza, MS; Bendinelli, B; Tosti, G; Masala, G; Gnagnarella, P; Assedi, M; Stanganelli, I; Palli, D; Gandini, S (February 2017). "Coffee, tea and caffeine intake and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a review of the literature and meta-analysis". European Journal of Nutrition (Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis). 56 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1253-6. PMID 27388462. S2CID 24758243. ^ Jia L, Liu FT (December 2013). "Why bortezomib cannot go with 'green'?". Cancer Biol Med (Review). 10 (4): 206–13. doi:10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.004. PMC 3860349. PMID 24349830. ^ Tang J, Zheng JS, Fang L, Jin Y, Cai W, Li D (July 2015). "Tea consumption and mortality of all cancers, CVD and all causes: a meta-analysis of eighteen prospective cohort studies". Br J Nutr (Meta-analysis). 114 (5): 673–83. doi:10.1017/S0007114515002329. PMID 26202661. ^ Zhang C, Qin YY, Wei X, Yu FF, Zhou YH, He J (February 2015). "Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies". Eur J Epidemiology (Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). 30 (2): 103–13. doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9960-x. PMID 25354990. S2CID 22529707. ^ a b Kromhout, D; Spaaij, CJ; de Goede, J; Weggemans, RM (August 2016). "The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Review). 70 (8): 869–78. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.52. PMC 5399142. PMID 27049034. ^ Liu G, Mi XN, Zheng XX, Xu YL, Lu J, Huang XH (October 2014). "Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Br J Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 112 (7): 1043–54. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001731. PMID 25137341. ^ Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H (September 2014). "Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Eur J Nutr (Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). 53 (6): 1299–1311. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0720-1. PMID 24861099. S2CID 206969226. ^ Mozaffarian, D (January 2016). "Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review". Circulation (Review). 133 (2): 187–225. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585. PMC 4814348. PMID 26746178. ^ a b Onakpoya, I; Spencer, E; Heneghan, C; Thompson, M (August 2014). "The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases (Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis). 24 (8): 823–36. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.016. PMID 24675010. ^ a b c Larsson SC (January 2014). "Coffee, tea, and cocoa and risk of stroke". Stroke (Review). 45 (1): 309–14. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003131. PMID 24326448. ^ Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, Chen K, Shi LY, Zhu JD, Mi MT (August 2013). "Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials". Am J Clin Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 98 (2): 340–8. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.052746. PMID 23803878. ^ Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Hui R, Wu YJ, Huang XH (April 2013). "Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on glycemic control in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Am J Clin Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 97 (4): 750–62. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.032573. PMID 23426037. ^ Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Liu XX, Hui R, Huang XH (August 2011). "Green tea intake lowers fasting serum total and LDL cholesterol in adults: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials". Am J Clin Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 94 (2): 601–10. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.010926. PMID 21715508. ^ Serban C, Sahebkar A, Antal D, Ursoniu S, Banach M (September 2015). "Effects of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Nutrition (Systematic review & meta-analysis). 31 (9): 1061–71. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.004. PMID 26233863. ^ Jurgens TM, Whelan AM, Killian L, Doucette S, Kirk S, Foy E (2012). "Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 2012 (12): CD008650. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008650.pub2. PMC 8406948. PMID 23235664. ^ Green Tea. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institutes of Health. 2012. Green tea extract and, more rarely, ingestion of large amounts of green tea have been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury, including instances of acute liver failure and either need for urgent liver transplantation or death. ^ Mazzanti, Gabriela; Di Sotto, Antonella; Vitalone, Annabella (2015). "Hepatotoxicity of green tea: An update". Archives of Toxicology. 89 (8): 1175–1191. doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1521-x. PMID 25975988. S2CID 14744653. ^ Javaid A, Bonkovsky HL (2006). "Hepatotoxicity due to extracts of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis): a growing concern". J Hepatol. 45 (2): 334–336. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.005. PMID 16793166. ^ a b c EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2018). "Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins". EFSA Journal. 16 (4): e05239. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239. ISSN 1831-4732. PMC 7009618. PMID 32625874. ^ Kaison, Chang (2015). "World tea production and trade: Current and future development" (PDF). Rome, Italy: FAO Intergovernmental Group on Tea, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. Retrieved 15 November 2017. ^ a b Mingjie W; Yue T (31 May 2016). "Why tea is Chinese to a tee". World News, The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 56–69. ^ Green Tea Processing, O-cha.com, retrieved 2013-01-13 ^ "日本からの緑茶に基準超えるセシウム パリの空港で検出." (Japanese) Asahi Shimbun. 2011-06-18. Retrieved 2011-06-19. ^ "静岡知事「飲用茶にすれば問題ない」 仏での検出受け." (Japanese) Asahi Shimbun. 2011-06-18. Retrieved 2011-06-19. ^ "蓮舫内閣府特命担当大臣記者会見要旨（平成23年６月３日（金））."[permanent dead link](Japanese) Consumer Affairs Agency. 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2011-06-19. ^ "Detention Without Physical Examination of Products from Japan Due to Radionuclide Contamination; Import Alert 99-33". US Food and Drug Administration. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ Mair & Hoh 2009, p. 70. ^ Benn 2015, pp. 7–8. ^ Mair & Hoh 2009, pp. 110–111. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 58–67. ^ "国家数据". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2014. ^ a b Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 124. ^ Chow & Kramer 1990, p. 125. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 65. ^ a b Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 124–125. ^ Battle 2017, p. 106–107. ^ Battle 2017, pp. 105–106. ^ Chow & Kramer 1990, p. 143. ^ a b Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 164–166. ^ Mair & Hoh 2009, pp. 85–86. ^ a b c Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 176–179. ^ Battle 2017, p. 156. ^ a b Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 169–170. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 167–168. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 68. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 174–175. ^ a b Battle 2017, p. 157. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 179. ^ a b Battle 2017, p. 162. ^ a b Heiss & Heiss 2007, pp. 182–183. ^ a b Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 185. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 187. ^ Battle 2017, pp. 163–164. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 182. ^ Heiss & Heiss 2007, p. 171. ^ Korean Tea Classics: by Hanjae Yi Mok and the Venerable Cho-ui. Translated by Anthony, Brother Anthony of Taizé; Hong, Kyeong-hee; Owyoung, Steven D. Seoul: Seoul Selection. 2010. ISBN 9788991913660. ^ a b c Korean Tea Classics (by Hanjae Yi Mok and the Venerable Cho-ui). Translated by Brother Anthony of Taizé; Hong, Kyeong-hee; Owyoung, Steven D. Seoul: Seoul Selection. 2010. p. 3. ISBN 9788991913660. ^ a b c d 정, 동효; 윤, 백현; 이, 영희 (2012). "한국 전통차문화생활의 연대". Cha saenghwal munhwa daejeon 차생활문화대전 (in Korean). Seoul: Hong Ik Jae. ISBN 9788971433515 – via Naver. ^ a b Brother Anthony of Taizé; Kyeong-Hee, Hong (2007). The Korean way of tea: an introductory guide. Seoul: Seoul Selection. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-89-91913-17-2. ^ Lee, Geumdong (February 2014). "韓国における主要3茶産地形成期のリーダーの役割 : 寶城郡, 河東郡, 済州道を事例に" [The Leaders' Contribution of the Formative Period of Korea's 3 Main Tea Producing Areas] (PDF). 佐賀大学農学部彙報 (in Japanese). 99: 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2015-11-28. ^ "Crops Primary Equivalent". FAO Corporate Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ "Crops". FAO Corporate Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ 허, 건량 (23 July 2016). "커피보단 쉼이 있는 '차문화' 부흥을". Segye Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ 안, 지예 (12 October 2016). ""이제는 커피 대신 '차(茶)'다"…음료업계, 시장 선회". Sisa on (in Korean). ISSN 1976-9792. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ 이, 새봄 (2016-10-13). "커피, 茶와의 동거…스타벅스 차 브랜드 '티바나' 10일만에 100만잔". Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-02-19. ^ a b c Brother Anthony of Taizé; Kyeong-hee, Hong (2007). The Korean Way of Tea: An Introductory Guide. Seoul: Seoul Selection. p. 13. ISBN 9788991913172. ^ a b c d e f Richardson, Lisa Boalt (2016) [2014]. Modern Tea: A Fresh Look at an Ancient Beverage 차 상식사전 (in Korean). Translated by 공, 민희. Seoul: Gilbut Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 9791160500370. ^ a b Jackson, Julie (14 June 2013). "Green as far as the eye can see". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ a b c d Kim, Young-mann, ed. (2004). "Tradition - The Way of Tea: A Lifestyle Aesthetic for Learning the Depth and Enlightenment of Life". Pictorial Korea. Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service. p. 26. OCLC 704162423. ^ "yeopcha" 엽차. Standard Korean Language Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ "garucha" 가루차. Standard Korean Language Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ "malcha" 말차. Standard Korean Language Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ "2015 Spring Harvest Hot Tea Class Champions". Global Tea Championship. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ 정, 동효; 윤, 백현; 이, 영희, eds. (2012). "deokkeum-cha" 덖음차. 차생활문화대전 (in Korean). Seoul: Hong Ik Jae. ISBN 9788971433515. Retrieved 20 March 2017 – via Naver. ^ 정, 동효; 윤, 백현; 이, 영희, eds. (2012). 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Step 2

^ Herbal teas are not made from Camellia sinensis and thus are not technically considered tea.