Instant coffee - Wikipedia

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Instant coffee - Wikipedia

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Step 1

The coffee extract is rapidly frozen and is broken into small granules. (Slower freezing would lead to larger ice crystals and a porous product; it can also affect the colour of the coffee granules).The granules are sifted and sorted on size.[14]Frozen coffee granules are placed in the drying chamber, often on metal trays.A vacuum is created within the chamber. The strength of the vacuum is critical in the speed of the drying and therefore the quality of the product. Care must be taken to produce a vacuum of suitable strength.The drying chamber is warmed, most commonly by radiation, but conduction is used in some plants and convection has been proposed in some small pilot plants. A possible problem with convection is uneven drying rates within the chamber, which would give an inferior product.Sublimation—the previously frozen water in the coffee granules expands to ten times its previous volume. The removal of this water vapor from the chamber is vitally important, making the condenser the most critical and expensive component in a freeze-drying plant.The freeze-dried granules are removed from the chamber and packaged.

Step 2

^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Humbert, Sebastien; Loerincik, Yves; Rossi, Vincent; Margni, Manuele; Jolliet, Olivier (2009). "Life cycle assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives (drip filter and capsule espresso)". Journal of Cleaner Production. 17 (15): 1351–1358. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.04.011. ISSN 0959-6526. ^ Wiley, Bell Irvin. The Life of Billy Yank. Doubleday, New York 1971. p. 241 ^ Dominique Bougerie, « Honfleur et les honfleurais. Cinq siècles d'histoires », Ed. Marie, 2002, p. 138 ^ "First Annual Report". Patents, Designs and Trade-marks. New Zealand. 1890. p. 9. ^ Papers Past — Press — 7 September 1893 — Page 3 Advertisements Column 2 ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p.355. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4. ^ Ramalakshmi, K.; Rao, L. Jagan Mohan; Takano-Ishikawa, Yuko; Goto, Masao (2009). "Bioactivities of low-grade green coffee and spent coffee in different in vitro model systems". Food Chemistry. 115 (1): 79–85. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.063. ISSN 0308-8146. ^ "The Curious Case of Coffee in Spain". 2012-04-18. ^ "Koreans Addicted to Instant Coffee". Koreatimes.co.kr. 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2013-11-17. ^ Magazine Monitor. "Why do Britons drink so much instant coffee?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2014. ^ Comparison of different Caffenol formulas ^ A Use for that Last Cup of Coffee: Film and Paper Development Darkroom and Creative Camera Techniques, September/October 1995 ^ One recipe for Caffenol-C ^ a b c Mussatto, Solange I.; Machado, Ercília M. S.; Martins, Silvia; Teixeira, José A. (2011). "Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues". Food and Bioprocess Technology. 4 (5): 661–672. doi:10.1007/s11947-011-0565-z. hdl:1822/22361. ISSN 1935-5130. ^ How It Works - Instant Coffee (video). Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ Masters, K (1991). Spray Drying Handbook (5th ed.). Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-06266-5. ^ John J. McKetta, ed. (1995). Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Marcel Dekker Inc. ISBN 978-0-8247-2604-1. ^ "Instant Coffee". Madehow. ^ Pfluger, R. A. (1975). Soluble coffee processing. In C. L. Mantell(Ed.), Solid wastes: origin, collection, processing, and disposal.New York: Wiley. ^ "How Much Caffeine in a Cup of Coffee?". 2017-06-03. ^ a b Gilbert, R.; Marshman, J.; Schwieder, M.; Berg, R. (1976). "Caffeine content of beverages as consumed". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 114 (3): 205–208. PMC 1956955. PMID 1032351. ^ Bonita, J.; Mandarano, M.; Shuta, D.; Vinson, J. (2007). "Coffee and cardiovascular disease: In vitro, cellular, animal, and human studies". Pharmacological Research. 55 (3): 187–198. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.006. PMID 17368041. ^ a b c Morck, T.; Lynch, S.; Cook, J. (1983). "Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 37 (3): 416–420. doi:10.1093/ajcn/37.3.416. PMID 6402915. ^ Howe, G.; Burch, J.; Miller, A.; Cook, G.; Esteve, J.; Morrison, B.; Gordon, P.; Chambers, L.; Fodor, G.; Winsor, G. M. (1980). "Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 64 (4): 701–713. doi:10.1093/jnci/64.4.701. PMID 6928984. ^ Pelucchi, C; La Vecchia, C (2012-05-24). "Alcohol, coffee, and bladder cancer risk: a review of epidemiological studies". Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 18 (1): 62–8. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32830c8d44. PMID 19077567. ^ "Survey Data on Acrylamide in Food: Individual Food Products". Table 3: Acrylamide values in food product samples (data collected between February 8, 2003 and October 1, 2003). Retrieved 2015-06-15. ^ Andrzejewski D, Roach JA, Gay ML, Musser SM (2004). "Analysis of coffee for the presence of acrylamide by LC-MS/MS". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (7): 1996–2002. doi:10.1021/jf0349634. PMID 15053542.

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