In a large Dutch oven or heavy pot, heat oil over medium-high. Add sausage and cook, using a wooden spoon to break it up, until browned, about 6 minutes. Using a slotted spoon, remove sausage to a plate. Return pot to medium-high and add onion, carrots, celery, and garlic. Season with salt and pepper. Cook, stirring until the onions and garlic are softened, about 5 minutes. Stir in chicken broth, water, Italian seasoning, and cooked sausage and bring to a boil. Reduce to a simmer and cook over medium until carrots and celery are tender, about 6 minutes. Add the kale and beans and cook until the kale is wilted, about 5 minutes. Season with salt and pepper and serve with a drizzle of oil, Parmesan, and red pepper flakes.