Beer - Wikipedia

^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Richard Rudgley (1993). The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0714117362. ^ John P Arnold (2005). Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology. Cleveland, Ohio: Reprint Edition by BeerBooks. ISBN 978-0-9662084-1-2. ^ Ben McFarland (2009). World's Best Beers: One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4027-6694-7. ^ "Volume of World Beer Production". European Beer Guide. Retrieved 17 October 2006. ^ Max Nelson (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-31121-2. ^ Barth, Roger. The Chemistry of Beer: The Science in the Suds, Wiley 2013: ISBN 978-1-118-67497-0. ^ a b "How Beer Is Carbonated and Why Is Beer Fizzy?". Retrieved 31 December 2016. ^ "Beer Before Bread". Alaska Science Forum #1039, Carla Helfferich. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. ^ "Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer". Matrifocus 2006, Johanna Stuckey. Retrieved 13 May 2008. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor (2004). The literature of ancient Sumer. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926311-0. ^ "World's strongest beer reclaimed". BBC News. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ Pomranz, Mike (18 May 2016). "From Brews to Booze: Turning Craft Beer Into Whiskey". Eater. Retrieved 19 December 2020. ^ a b c Christine Fell, ‘Old English Beor’, Leeds Studies in English, n.s., 8 (1975), 76–95. ^ "beer, n.1.", Oxford English Dictionary Online, 1st edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1887). Accessed 28 August 2020. ^ Hjalmar Falk; Alf Torp (1979). Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit. Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 276. ISBN 978-3-525-26405-8. Retrieved 2 August 2013. ^ "'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers". BBC News. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ "'13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world". The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ Dietrich, Oliver; Heun, Manfred; Notroff, Jens; Schmidt, Klaus; Zarnkow, Martin (September 2012). "The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey". Antiquity. 86 (333): 674–695. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00047840. ^ McGovern, Patrick, Uncorking the Past, 2009, ISBN 978-0-520-25379-7. pp. 66–71. ^ "Jar in Iranian Ruins Betrays Beer Drinkers of 3500 B.C." The New York Times. 5 November 1992. Retrieved 10 November 2010. ^ "Live Science.com – When Was Beer Invented?". livescience.com. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ^ "Beer". Britannica.com. ^ Homan, Michael M. (June 2004). "Beer and Its Drinkers: An Ancient Near Eastern Love Story". Near Eastern Archaeology. 67 (2): 84–95. doi:10.2307/4132364. JSTOR 4132364. S2CID 162357890. ^ "Archeologists Link Rise of Civilization and Beer's Invention". CBS News. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010. ^ George, Alison (22 June 2016). "The world's oldest paycheck was cashed in beer". New Scientist. ^ "The Beer Archaeologist". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ^ Prince, J. Dyneley (1916). "A Hymn to Ninkasi". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 33 (1): 40–44. doi:10.1086/369806. ^ Hartman, L. F. and Oppenheim, A. L., (1950) On Beer and Brewing Techniques in Ancient Mesopotamia. Supplement to the Journal of the American Oriental Society, 10. Retrieved 20 September 2013. ^ Dumper, Stanley. 2007, p.141. ^ McGovern, Patrick E.; Zhang, Juzhong; Tang, Jigen; Zhang, Zhiqing; Hall, Gretchen R.; Moreau, Robert A.; Nuñez, Alberto; Butrym, Eric D.; Richards, Michael P.; Wang, Chen-Shan; Cheng, Guangsheng; Zhao, Zhijun; Wang, Changsui (2004). "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (51): 17593–8. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117593M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102. PMC 539767. PMID 15590771. ^ "Li Wine: The Beer of Ancient China -China Beer Festivals 2009". echinacities.com. 15 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010. ^ Abraham Eraly (23 January 2002). Gem in the Lotus. Penguin Books Limited. p. 165. ISBN 978-93-5118-014-2. ^ Om Prakash (1 January 2005). Cultural History of India. New Age International. p. 503. ISBN 978-81-224-1587-2. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ KarineVann. "Armenia Might Be One of the Oldest and Youngest Beer-Making Countries in the World". ^ Tom Standage (2006). A History of the World in Six Glasses. Westminster, MD: Anchor Books. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-385-66087-7. ^ SteveMirsky (May 2007). "Ale's Well with the World". Scientific American. 296 (5): 102. Bibcode:2007SciAm.296e.102M. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0507-102. ^ Horst Dornbusch (27 August 2006). "Beer: The Midwife of Civilization". Assyrian International News Agency. Retrieved 21 September 2010. ^ Roger Protz (4 December 2004). "The Complete Guide to World Beer". Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010. When people of the ancient world realised they could make bread and beer from grain, they stopped roaming and settled down to cultivate cereals in recognisable communities. ^ "Prehistoric brewing: the true story". Archaeo News. 22 October 2001. Retrieved 21 September 2010. ^ "Beer-history". Dreher Breweries. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010. ^ Max Nelson, The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe pp2, Routledge (2005), ISBN 0-415-31121-7. ^ Google Books Richard W. Unger, Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance pp57, University of Pennsylvania Press (2004), ISBN 0-8122-3795-1. ^ Max Nelson, The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe pp110, Routledge (2005), ISBN 0-415-31121-7. ^ "492 Years of Good Beer: Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law". Der Spiegel 23 April 2008. ^ a b c Martyn Cornell (2003). Beer: The Story of the Pint. Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-1165-1. ^ "Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co.: A Chronological History". Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Industry Browser — Consumer Non-Cyclical — Beverages (Alcoholic) – Company List". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. ^ "Analysis: Premium Chinese beer a bitter brew for foreign brands". Reuters. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ Xie, Wei; Xiong, Wei; Pan, Jie; Ali, Tariq; Cui, Qi; Guan, Dabo; Meng, Jing; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Lin, Erda; Davis, Steven J. (2018). "Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat". Nature Plants. 4 (11): 964–973. Bibcode:2018AGUFMGC31E1301X. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0263-1. PMID 30323183. S2CID 53085959. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ "Breaking the Home Brewing Law in Alabama". Homebrew4u.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Papazian The Complete Joy of Homebrewing (3rd Edition), ISBN 0-06-053105-3 ^ "Roger Protz tries his hand at brewing". Beer-pages.com. June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010. ^ ABGbrew.com Steve Parkes, British Brewing, American Brewers Guild. ^ Goldhammer, Ted (2008), The Brewer's Handbook, 2nd ed., Apex, ISBN 978-0-9675212-3-7 pp. 181 ff. ^ Brewingtechniques.com Archived 15 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Randy Mosher, "Parti-Gyle Brewing", Brewing Techniques, March/April 1994 ^ "Copper Brewing Vessels". Msm.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Lewis, Michael J.; Young, Tom W. (2001). "Hop chemistry and wort boiling". Brewing. pp. 259–278. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0729-1_15. ISBN 978-0-306-47274-9. ^ Ted Goldammer (2000). "Chapter 13: Beer Fermentation". The Brewers Handbook. Apex Pub. ISBN 978-0-9675212-0-6. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ Lewis, Michael J.; Young, Tom W. (2001). "Fermentation—overview, process, and technology". Brewing. pp. 295–317. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0729-1_17. ISBN 978-0-306-47274-9. ^ Harold M. Broderick, Alvin Babb, Beer Packaging: A Manual for the Brewing and Beverage Industries, Master Brewers Association of the Americas (1982) ^ Alabev.com Archived 23 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Ingredients of Beer. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ beer-brewing.com Beer-brewing.com Archived 27 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Ted Goldammer, The Brewers Handbook, Chapter 6 – Beer Adjuncts, Apex Pub (1 January 2000), ISBN 0-9675212-0-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008 ^ BeerHunter.com Michael Jackson, A good beer is a thorny problem down Mexico way, What's Brewing, 1 October 1997. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ "A pint a day..." The Royal Society of Chemistry: Chemistry World; 1 December 1996. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ "Questions about the science of beer", by Matt Shipman. Science X: Phys.org; 3 December 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2017. ^ a b "Geology and Beer". Geotimes. August 2004. Retrieved 5 November 2007. ^ [1] 19 October 1991, "Brewing a good glass of water". Retrieved 13 September 2008. ^ Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brewing/Chemistry. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ Farm-direct.co.uk Oz, Barley Malt, 6 February 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ Carolyn Smagalski (2006). "CAMRA & The First International Gluten Free Beer Festival". Carolyn Smagalski, Bella Online. ^ A. H. Burgess, Hops: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization, Leonard Hill (1964), ISBN 0-471-12350-1 ^ a b Richard W Unger (2004). Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-8122-3795-5. ^ Books.google.co.uk Richard W. Unger, Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, University of Pennsylvania Press (2004), ISBN 0-8122-3795-1. Retrieved 14 September 2008. ^ "Heatherale.co.uk". Fraoch.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ "La Brasserie Lancelot est située au coeur de la Bretagne, dans des bâtiments rénovés de l'ancienne mine d'Or du Roc St-André, construits au 19 ème siècle sur des vestiges néolithiques". Brasserie-lancelot.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ "Head Retention". BrewWiki. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. ^ "Hop Products: Iso-Extract". Hopsteiner. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. ^ PDQ Guides, Hops: Clever Use For a Useless Plan Archived 16 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Blanco, Carlos A.; Rojas, Antonio; Caballero, Pedro A.; Ronda, Felicidad; Gomez, Manuel; Caballero, Isabel (July 2006). "A better control of beer properties by predicting acidity of hop iso-α-acids". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 17 (7): 373–377. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2005.11.012. ^ Ostergaard, Simon; Olsson, Lisbeth; Nielsen, Jens (1 March 2000). "Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 34–50. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.34-50.2000. PMC 98985. PMID 10704473. ^ Google Books Paul R. Dittmer, J. Desmond, Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls, John Wiley and Sons (2005),ISBN 0-471-42992-9 ^ Google Books Ian Spencer Hornsey, Brewing pp 221–222, Royal Society of Chemistry (1999), ISBN 0-85404-568-6 ^ Web.mst.edu Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine David Horwitz, Torulaspora delbrueckii. Retrieved 30 September 2008. ^ Google Books Y. H. Hui, George G. Khachatourians, Food Biotechnology pp 847–848, Wiley-IEEE (1994), ISBN 0-471-18570-1 ^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — A pint of cloudy, please". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ EFSA.europa.eu Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, 23 August 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ Food.gov.uk Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Draft Guidance on the Use of the Terms 'Vegetarian' and 'Vegan' in Food Labelling: Consultation Responses pp71, 5 October 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ "Brewer to snap up Miller for $5.6B". CNN. 30 May 2002. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007. ^ "InBev Completes Acquisition of Anheuser-Busch" (PDF) (Press release). AB-InBev. 18 November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "Top 10 Largest Beer Companies and Their Beer Brands in the Global Beer Market 2020". Technavio. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ "Market Segments: Microbrewery". Brewers Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ : Bier und Franken at Bierfranken.de (German) ^ Bierland-Oberfranken (German) ^ Giebel, Wieland, ed (1992). The New Germany. Singapore: Höfer Press Pte. Ltd. ^ News.bbc.co.uk, Will Smale, BBC, 20 April 2006, Is today's beer all image over reality?. Retrieved 12 September 2008. ^ Sixpack, Joe (pseudonym for Don Russell), What the Hell am I Drinking, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4637-8981-7. ^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — How to save a beer style". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Handbook of Brewing: Processes, Technology, Markets. Wiley. 4 June 2009. ISBN 978-3-527-31674-8. Retrieved 7 August 2010. ^ Google Books Lalli Nykänen, Heikki Suomalainen, Aroma of Beer, Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages p. 13, Springer (1983), ISBN 90-277-1553-X. ^ Google books F. G. Priest, Graham G. Stewart, Handbook of Brewing p. 2, CRC Press (2006), ISBN 0-8247-2657-X. ^ Peter Oborne (9 November 2000). "Still bitter after all these years". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 October 2008. ^ "Roger Protz on India Pale ale". beer-pages.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2010. ^ "Porter and Stout". CAMRA. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2010. ^ Amazon Online Reader : Stout (Classic Beer Style Series, 10). ^ "Porter casts a long shadow on ale history". beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010. ^ Eric Warner, German Wheat Beer. Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications, 1992. ISBN 978-0-937381-34-2. ^ Webb, Tim; Pollard, Chris; and Pattyn, Joris; Lambicland: Lambikland, Rev Ed. (Cogan and Mater Ltd, 2004), ISBN 0-9547789-0-1. ^ Beerhunter.com Michael Jackson, BeerHunter, "The birth of lager", 1 March 1996. Retrieved 16 September 2008. ^ Eurekalert.org Gavin Sherlock, PhD, EurekAlert, Brewing better beer: Scientists determine the genomic origins of lager yeasts, 10 September 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008. ^ European Brewery Convention. "The Analysis Committee". Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009. The EBC Analysis Committee also works closely together with the 'American Society of Brewing Chemists' (ASBC) to establish so-called 'International methods' with world-wide recognition of applicability. A partnership declaration between EBC and ASBC has been signed. The integration of the IOB methods of analysis and EBC methods is nearing completion. ^ Lehigh Valley Homebrewers (2007). "Beer and Brewing Glossary". Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2009. IBUs (International Bittering Units) – The accepted worldwide standard for measuring bitterness in beer, also known as EBU, based on the estimated alpha acid percentage of the hops used and the length of time they are boiled. ^ Google Books Fritz Ullmann, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Vol A-11 pp455, VCH (1985), ISBN 3-527-20103-3 ^ British Bitter "A beer style or a way of life?", RateBeer (January 2006). Retrieved 30 September 2008. ^ Martyn Cornell, Beer: The Story of the Pint, Headline (2004), ISBN 0-7553-1165-5 ^ BeerHunter Michael Jackson, "A Czech-style classic from Belgium", Beer Hunter Online (7 September 1999). Retrieved 20 September 2008. ^ "2015 Style Guidelines" (PDF). Beer Judge Certification Program. p. 3. ^ Google Books Costas Katsigris, Chris Thomas, The Bar and Beverage Book pp320, John Wiley and Sons (2006), ISBN 0-471-64799-3 ^ Google Books J. Scott Smith, Y. H. Hui, Food Processing: Principles and Applications pp228, Blackwell Publishing (2004), ISBN 0-8138-1942-3 ^ a b "The 48 proof beer". Beer Break. 2 (19). Realbeer. 13 February 2002. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. ^ a b "Scots brewery releases world's strongest and most expensive beer". news.stv.tv. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010. ^ Ron Pattinson (6 July 2007). European Beer Statistics: Beer production by strength. European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. ^ "Fourth Annual Bend Brew Fest". Bendbrewfest.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Beer Facts 2003 (PDF). The Brewers of Europe. 6 January 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2007. ^ Andrew Osborn (21 June 2001). "School dinner? Mine's a lager, please". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. ^ Vetter Brauhaus. Vetter Brauhaus. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008. ^ In 1994, the 33 Plato gave it the world's highest gravity. Though the beer can no longer make this claim, it is still one of the world's most renowned strong lagers. Rate Beer. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008. ^ "Schloss Eggenberg". Schloss-eggenberg.at. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — Mine's a pint of Santa Claus". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ "Hurlimann Samichlaus from Hürlimann (Feldschlösschen), a Doppelbock style beer: An unofficial page for Hurlimann Samichlaus from Hürlimann (Feldschlösschen) in Zürich, Switzerland". Ratebeer.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ "Parish: brewery detail from Beermad". beermad.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009. ^ "Brewery Souvenirs – Parish Brewery". brewerysouvenirs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009. ^ "BrewDog — Ghost Deer". brewdog.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011. ^ MTC Media. "BrewDog Blog". BrewDog. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012. ^ "Welcome to Schorschbräu – Home of the Strongest Beers on Earth". benz-weltweit.de. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. ^ "Strongest beer in the world: Brewdog produces 41pc ale". The Daily Telegraph. London. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010. ^ "'World's strongest' beer with 32% strength launched". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009. ^ "Buy Tactical Nuclear Penguin". BrewDog Beer. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "All We Can Eat – Beer: Anchors away". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2010. ^ Severin Carrell (26 November 2009). "Scottish brewer claims world's strongest beer | Society | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009. ^ "Willkommen beim Schorschbräu – Die handwerkliche Kleinbrauerei im Fränkischen Seenland". schorschbraeu.de. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Schorschbräu Schorschbock 31% from Kleinbrauerei Schorschbräu – Ratebeer". ratebeer.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Hair of the Dog Dave from Hair of the Dog Brewing Company". ratebeer.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009. ^ Ben Berkowitz (29 July 2010). "Brewer claims world's strongest beer". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010. ^ "Welkom bij Brouwerij Het Koelschip". brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010. ^ "How does the widget in a beer can work?". HowStuffWorks. 16 August 2000. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. ^ "Beer Temperature". cask-marque.co.uk. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "Draught Beats Bottled in Life Cycle Analysis". treehugger.com. Retrieved 15 January 2008. ^ Cordella, Mauro; Tugnoli, Alessandro; Spadoni, Gigliola; Santarelli, Francesco; Zangrando, Tullio (2007). "LCA of an Italian lager". The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 13 (2): 133–139. doi:10.1065/lca2007.02.306. S2CID 111273627. ^ a b "Carbon Footprint of Fat Tire Amber Ale" (PDF). newbelgium.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2008. ^ "Ecological effects of beer". ecofx.org. Retrieved 15 January 2008. ^ "When Passions Collide …". terrapass.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2008. ^ Google books Charles W. Bamforth, Beer: Tap into the Art and Science of Brewing pp. 58–59, Oxford University Press US (2003), ISBN 0-19-515479-7. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ Google Books T. Boekhout, Vincent Robert, Yeasts in Food: Beneficial and Detrimental Aspects pp. 370–371, Behr's Verlag DE (2003), ISBN 3-86022-961-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ "European Beer Statistics—beer sales by package type". European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007. ^ "Pack Web Asia – Full aperture end technology makes drinking easy". Pack Web Asia. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. ^ "Beer Packaging Secrets". All About Beer Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. From a quality point of view, cans are much like bottles. ^ "Holsten-Brauerei Pet Line for Bottled Beer, Brunswick, Germany". Packaging-Gateway.com. Retrieved 5 November 2007. ^ RealBeer Beyond the coldest beer in town, 21 September 2000. Retrieved 11 October 2008. ^ Michael Jackson, Michael Jackson's Beer Companion, Courage Books; 2 edition (27 February 2000), ISBN 0-7624-0772-7 ^ Google Books Jack S. Blocker, David M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrell, Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History pp95, ABC-CLIO (2003), ISBN 978-1-57607-833-4 ^ Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation. Cengage Learning. 2004. ISBN 978-0-618-30499-8. Retrieved 7 August 2010. ^ Google Books Howard Hillman, The New Kitchen Science pp178, Houghton Mifflin Books (2003), ISBN 0-618-24963-X ^ Google Books Robert J. Harrington, Food and Wine Pairing: A Sensory Experience pp. 27–28, John Wiley and Sons (2007), ISBN 0-471-79407-4 ^ Cask Marque Archived 24 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Standards & Charters. Retrieved 11 October 2008. ^ F. G. Priest, Graham G. Stewart, Handbook of Brewing (2006), 48 ^ "How Miller Brands partners with licensees to drive sales". thepublican.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ Google Books Ray Foley, Heather Dismore, Running a Bar For Dummies pp. 211–212, For Dummies (2007), ISBN 0-470-04919-7. ^ Stockwell T, Zhao J, Panwar S, Roemer A, Naimi T, Chikritzhs T (March 2016). "Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality". J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 77 (2): 185–98. doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185. PMC 4803651. PMID 26997174. ^ a b c O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014). "Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 89 (3): 382–93. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005. PMID 24582196. ^ Jill Littrell (2014). Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. ISBN 9781317783145. The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems ^ Hasin, Deborah (December 2003). "Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders". Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 27 (1): 5–17. PMC 6676702. PMID 15301396. Retrieved 28 February 2015. ^ a b "Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5". November 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2015. ^ Schuckit, MA (27 November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (22): 2109–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1407298. PMID 25427113. ^ Alcohol and Heart Health American Heart Association ^ "Alcohol Facts and Statistics". Retrieved 9 May 2015. ^ "Drink binges 'cause beer belly'". BBC News. 28 November 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2006. ^ Bob Skilnik. Is there maltose in your beer?. Realbeer. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. ^ Jenny Sugar (25 October 2013). "Calories in Popular Beers". Fitsugar.com. Retrieved 10 October 2013. ^ Charles W. Bamforth (17–20 September 2006). "Beer as liquid bread: Overlapping science.". World Grains Summit 2006: Foods and Beverages. San Francisco, California, US. Retrieved 6 November 2006. ^ Charles W. Bamforth (15 April 2008). Beer: Health and Nutrition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137. ISBN 9781405147972. ^ "Don't worry, be hoppy: The Weekender's Guide to Beer". Sioux City Journal. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ "International Beer Day: 10 things you never knew about beer". The News. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ Leslie Dunkling & Michael Jackson, The Guinness Drinking Companion, Lyons Press (2003), ISBN 1-58574-617-7 ^ Best Drinking Game Book Ever, Carlton Books (28 October 2002), ISBN 1-85868-560-5 ^ Michael Sherer (1 June 2001). "Beer Boss". Cheers. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2007. ^ Michael Dietler (2006), "Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives", Annual Review of Anthropology, vol.35, pp. 229–249 ^ "Beer Production Per Capita". European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 28 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006. ^ Carley Tonoli; Liz Minchin (16 April 2013). "Beer on the brain: how taste alone can drive men to drink". The Conversation. The Conversation Media Group. Retrieved 18 April 2013. ^ Linda Murphy (4 May 2006). "Chipotle beer heats up Cinco de Mayo". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 17 September 2007. ^ John Foyston (18 July 2007). "Fred Eckhardt 's Beer-and-Cheese Tasting". The Beer Here blog. Oregonian. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007. ^ Janet Fletcher (17 February 2005). "Forget wine and cheese parties – the true soul mate for fromage isn't made from grape juice". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 17 September 2007. ^ Protz, Roger, The Guardian: Word of Mouth (15 January 2009). Let's hear it for beer ^ Cole, Melissa, The Guardian: Word of Mouth (27 January 2009). The eye of the ale storm ^ The Guardian: Word of Mouth (6 February 2009). Beer-drinking sadsacks strike back ^ "Recuperation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ "EthnoMed: Traditional Foods of the Central Ethiopian Highlands". Ethnomed.org. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Surina, Asele; Mack, Glenn Randall (2005). Food culture in Russia and Central Asia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32773-5. ^ "Research & Culture, Kathmandu rich in Culture, Machchhendranath Temple, Akash Bhairav Temple, Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, Temple of Kumari Ghar, Jaishi Dewal, Martyr's Memorial (Sahid) Gate, Singha Durbar". Trek2himalaya.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Books.google.co.uk, Lewin Louis and Louis Levin, Phantastica: A Classic Survey on the Use and Abuse of Mind-Altering Plants, Inner Traditions / Bear & Company (1998), ISBN 0-89281-783-6 ^ Anthropological Society of London (1863). The Anthropological Review. Trübner. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-559-56998-2. Masato yuca. ^ Oli Bloor, Ed Scott-Clarke and Katy Scott (18 December 2017). "The brewery that turns bread into beer". CNN. Retrieved 19 November 2020. ^ Nardini, M (2004). "Determination of free and bound phenolic acids in beer". Food Chemistry. 84: 137–143. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00257-7. ^ Nikolic, D; Li, Y; Chadwick, LR; Grubjesic, S; Schwab, P; Metz, P; Van Breemen, RB (2004). "Metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops (Humulus lupulus), by human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 32 (2): 272–9. doi:10.1124/dmd.32.2.272. PMID 14744951. S2CID 17486431. ^ "Hops: Humulus lupulus". Retrieved 14 February 2009. ^ Szlavko, Clara M. (1973). "Tryptophol, Tyrosol and Phenylethanol-The Aromatic Higher Alcohols in Beer". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 79 (4): 283–288. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1973.tb03541.x. ^ Ribéreau-Gayon, P.; Sapis, J. C. (1965). "On the presence in wine of tyrosol, tryptophol, phenylethyl alcohol and gamma-butyrolactone, secondary products of alcoholic fermentation". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D (in French). 261 (8): 1915–1916. PMID 4954284.