Chewing gum - Wikipedia

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Chewing gum - Wikipedia

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^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Ingredients technology – ICGA". www.gumassociation.org. Retrieved 15 December 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h Estruch, RA (2008). "Gum base". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 93–118. ^ a b c d Fenimore, EL (2008). "The History of Chewing Gum, 1849–2004". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum. Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 1–46. ISBN 9780955808524. ^ "Student dig unearths ancient gum" BBC.co.uk. ^ Fagernäs, Leena; Kuoppala, Eeva; Tiilikkala, Kari; Oasmaa, Anja (2012). "Chemical Composition of Birch Wood Slow Pyrolysis Products". Energy & Fuels. 26 (2): 1275–83. doi:10.1021/ef2018836. ^ Kekäläinen, Timo; Venäläinen, Tapani; Jänis, Janne (17 July 2014). "Characterization of Birch Wood Pyrolysis Oils by Ultrahigh-Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: Insights into Thermochemical Conversion". Energy & Fuels. 28 (7): 4596–602. doi:10.1021/ef500849z. ISSN 0887-0624. ^ Smithsonian, Eeva (2012). "Brief History of Chewing Gum". Energy & Fuels. 26 (2): 1275–83. doi:10.1021/ef2018836. ^ "Chemical & Engineering News: Science & Technology – What's That Stuff? Chewing Gum". pubs.acs.org. Retrieved 9 December 2016. ^ "The History of Chewing Gum and Bubble Gum" page of About.com Inventors. ^ Dimas, Konstantinos S.; Pantazis, Panayotis; Ramanujam, Rama (1 October 2016). "Review: Chios mastic gum: a plant-produced resin exhibiting numerous diverse pharmaceutical and biomedical properties". In Vivo (Athens, Greece). 26 (5): 777–85. ISSN 1791-7549. PMID 22949590. ^ "History Of Chewing Gum" Archived 3 July 2011 at Wikiwix page of BeemarsGum.org Archived 8 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Flavoring Chewing Gum | Chemical & Engineering News". cen.acs.org. Retrieved 9 December 2016. ^ "Improved chewing-gum". ^ "It's Flavored Chewing Gum: Taffy Tolu Invention Is Remembered". Kentucky New Era. Hopkinsville, Christian County, Kentucky. 22 December 1978. Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ "Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines". Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ "Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines". Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ a b c d e f g Emsley, J. (2004). Vanity, vitality, and virility. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 189–97. ISBN 978-0-19-280509-6. ^ "I/EC Reports". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 51 (6): 30A–40A. 1959. doi:10.1021/ie50594a004. ^ "Bursting the bubble: how gum lost its cool". The Economist. 26 July 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ Azhar, Azeem' (6 September 2021). "The Exponential Age will transform economics forever". Wired. Retrieved 10 September 2021. ^ a b Mestres, J (2008). "Modern chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 47–73. ^ Carcasona, ER (2008). "Bulk sweeteners used in sugar chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 119–32. ^ Ponakla, SV; Corliss, G; Prakash, I; Bishay, I (2008). "High-intensity sweeteners in sugar-free chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 157–93. ^ a b de Roos, KB (2008). "Flavourings for chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 205–31. ^ "Benefits of flavor encapsulation" (PDF). Fona International. Fona International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. ^ Grumezescu, Alexandru Mihai; Holban, Alina Maria (2017). Natural and Artificial Flavoring Agents and Food Dyes. Academic Press. p. 461. ISBN 9780128112694. ^ Ladret, M; Le Bot, Y; Nesvadba, S; Ostermann, E; Ribadeau-Dumas, G (2008). "Polyols: their properties and applications in sugar-free chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 133–55. ^ "CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 15 December 2016. ^ Clark, W (2008). "Panning". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 277–91. ^ Gand, C; Fritz, D (2008). "Chewing gum manufacture". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 253–74. ^ "Manufacturing Process – ICGA". www.gumassociation.org. Retrieved 17 December 2016. ^ a b Bussiere, G.; Serpelloni, M. (1985). Simatos, D.; Multon, J. L. (eds.). Properties of Water in Foods. NATO ASI Series. Springer Netherlands. pp. 627–45. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5103-7_38. ISBN 9789401087568. ^ a b Fritz, D (2008). "Evaluation and shelf-life". In Fritz, D (ed.). Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 75–90. ^ Davidson, J. M.; Linforth, R. S.; Hollowood, T. A.; Taylor, A. J. (1 October 1999). "Effect of sucrose on the perceived flavor intensity of chewing gum". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (10): 4336–40. doi:10.1021/jf9901082. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 10552812. ^ Potineni, Rajesh V.; Peterson, Devin G. (2008). "Mechanisms of Flavor Release in Chewing Gum: Cinnamaldehyde". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (9): 3260–67. doi:10.1021/jf0727847. PMID 18426214. ^ Onyper, Serge V.; Carr, Timothy L.; Farrar, John S.; Floyd, Brittney R. (2011). "Cognitive advantages of chewing gum. Now you see them, now you don't". Appetite. 57 (2): 321–28. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.313. PMID 21645566. S2CID 18821962. ^ a b Deshpande, Amol; Jadad, Alejandro R. (2008). "The impact of polyol-containing chewing gums on dental caries". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 139 (12): 1602–14. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0102. PMID 19047666. ^ Thabuis, C; Cheng, C. Y.; Wang, X; Pochat, M; Han, A; Miller, L; Wils, D; Guerin-Deremaux, L (2013). "Effects of maltitol and xylitol chewing-gums on parameters involved in dental caries development". European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 14 (4): 303–08. PMID 24313583. ^ a b Milgrom, P.; Ly, K.A.; Roberts, M.C.; Rothen, M.; Mueller, G.; Yamaguchi, D.K. (2006). "Mutans Streptococci Dose Response to Xylitol Chewing Gum". Journal of Dental Research. 85 (2): 177–81. doi:10.1177/154405910608500212. PMC 2225984. PMID 16434738. ^ Kakuta, Hatsue; Iwami, Yoshimichi; Mayanagi, Hideaki; Takahashi, Nobuhiro (2003). "Xylitol Inhibition of Acid Production and Growth of Mutans Streptococci in the Presence of Various Dietary Sugars under Strictly Anaerobic Conditions". Caries Research. 37 (6): 404–09. doi:10.1159/000073391. PMID 14571117. S2CID 21574455. ^ Kashket, S.; Yaskell, T. (1997). "Effectiveness of Calcium Lactate Added to Food in Reducing Intraoral Demineralization of Enamel". Caries Research. 31 (6): 429–33. doi:10.1159/000262434. PMID 9353582. ^ Schaeken, M.J.M.; Van Der Hoeven, J.S. (1993). "Control of Calculus Formation by a Dentifrice Containing Calcium Lactate". Caries Research. 27 (4): 277–79. doi:10.1159/000261550. PMID 8402801. ^ Suda, R.; Suzuki, T.; Takiguchi, R.; Egawa, K.; Sano, T.; Hasegawa, K. (2006). "The Effect of Adding Calcium Lactate to Xylitol Chewing Gum on Remineralization of Enamel Lesions". Caries Research. 40 (1): 43–46. doi:10.1159/000088905. PMID 16352880. S2CID 45316316. ^ Schirrmeister, J.F.; Seger, R.K.; Altenburger, M.J.; Lussi, A.; Hellwig, E. (2007). "Effects of Various Forms of Calcium Added to Chewing Gum on Initial Enamel Carious Lesions in situ". Caries Research. 41 (2): 108–14. doi:10.1159/000098043. PMID 17284911. S2CID 22686522. ^ Machiulskiene, Vita; Nyvad, Bente; Baelum, Vibeke (2001). "Caries preventive effect of sugar-substituted chewing gum". Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 29 (4): 278–88. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2001.290407.x. PMID 11515642. ^ de Oliveira, A.F.B.; de Oliveira Diniz, L.V.; Forte, F.D.S.; et al. (28 March 2016). "In Situ Effect of a CPP-ACP Chewing Gum on Enamel Erosion Associated or Not With Abrasion". Clinical Oral Investigations. 21 (1): 339–46. doi:10.1007/s00784-016-1796-1. PMID 27020912. S2CID 10126499. ^ Gajilan, Chris. "Chew on this: Gum may be good for body, mind". CNN. Retrieved 24 September 2013. ^ Masumoto, N.; Yamaguchi, K.; Fujimoto, S. (2009). "Daily chewing gum exercise for stabilizing the vertical occlusion". Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 36 (12): 857–63. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02010.x. PMID 19845836. ^ Fitzgerald, J. Edward F.; Ahmed, Irfan (2009). "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Chewing-Gum Therapy in the Reduction of Postoperative Paralytic Ileus Following Gastrointestinal Surgery". World Journal of Surgery. 33 (12): 2557–66. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0104-5. PMID 19763686. S2CID 24548626. ^ Abd-El-Maeboud, KHI; Ibrahim, MI; Shalaby, DAA; Fikry, MF (2009). "Gum chewing stimulates early return of bowel motility after caesarean section". BJOG. 116 (10): 1334–39. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02225.x. PMID 19523094.Leah Zerbe (2 September 2009). "Chewing Gum Speeds Surgery Recovery". Rodale. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. ^ a b Purkayastha, Sanjay; Tilney, H. S.; Darzi, A. W.; Tekkis, P. P. (2008). "Meta-analysis of Randomized Studies Evaluating Chewing Gum to Enhance Postoperative Recovery Following Colectomy". Archives of Surgery. 143 (8): 788–93. doi:10.1001/archsurg.143.8.788. PMID 18711040."Chewing Gum Associated With Enhanced Bowel Recovery After Colon Surgery". ScienceDaily (Press release). 19 August 2008. ^ Girdwain, Jessica (22 January 2014). "6 'No Medicine' Cures!". Men's Health. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ "Are there any known health risks from chewing gum (aside from the risk of accidentally swallowing it)? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk". www.theguardian.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022. ^ Canning, Kristin (26 January 2017). "Chewing Tons of Gum Can Actually Cause Diarrhea". Health.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022. ^ "Food Code – FDA Food Code 2009: Chapter 1 – Purpose & Definitions". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 17 December 2016. ^ "Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value". www.fns.usda.gov. Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210. Food and Nutrition Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2017. ^ "Ever Wonder About Bubble Gum?". Science World British Columbia. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2016. ^ "Substance found in chewing gum could be labelled toxic". Canada.com. 30 May 2008. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2012. ^ "Summary of Public Comments Received on the Government of Canada's Draft Screening Assessment Report and Risk Management Scope on Bisphenol A" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2012. ^ a b Matson, John. "Fact or Fiction?: Chewing Gum Takes Seven Years to Digest: Scientific American". Sciam.com. Retrieved 25 January 2012. ^ a b c Milov, D. E.; Andres, J. M.; Erhart, N. A.; Bailey, D. J. (1998). "Chewing Gum Bezoars of the Gastrointestinal Tract". Pediatrics. 102 (2): e22. doi:10.1542/peds.102.2.e22. PMID 9685468. ^ Rimar, Yossi; Babich, Jay P; Shaoul, Ron (2004). "Chewing gum bezoar". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 59 (7): 872. doi:10.1016/S0016-5107(04)00162-2. PMID 15173807. ^ "...eventually the normal housekeeping waves in the digestive tract will sort of push it through, and it will come out pretty unmolested." ^ Barbera, Nunziata; Arcifa, Veronica; Valenti, Vincenzo; Spadaro, Giorgio; Tomasello, Sergio; Romano, Guido (2012). 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