Kumis - Wikipedia

Step 1

^ Kumis is also transliterated kımız, kumiss, kumiz, koumiss, kymys, kymyz, kumisz, kymyz, or qymyz; (Turkish: kımız, Kazakh: қымыз, [qəˈməz], Tatar: кымыз, Kyrgyz: кымыз, [qɯˈmɯz]; Bashkir ҡымыҙ (qïmïð); Sakha: кымыс, kymys; Tuvan: хымыс, hymys; Uzbek: qimiz, [qɨmɨz], Russian: кумыс, [kʊˈmɨs])

Step 2

^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Zeder, Melinda A. (2006). Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms. University of California Press. p. 264. ISBN 0-520-24638-1. ^ Anderson, Eugene N. (1988). The Food of China. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 80. ISBN 0300047398. ^ Law p. 121. ^ "Kumiss - Define Kumiss at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. ^ a b Kurmann, Joseph A.; et al. (1992). Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products. Springer. p. 174. ISBN 0-442-00869-4. ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-19-864112-4. ^ "Airag – Fermented Mare's Milk – Mongolian Beverage". www.mongolfood.info. ^ The spelling in William's manuscripts varies, and the most recent editor, P. Chiesa, prefers "comos". See Guglielmo di Rubruk, Viaggio in Mongolia (Itinerarium), a cura di Paolo Chiesa, Milano, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, Mondadori, 2011. ^ Steinkraus, Keith H. (1995). Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods. Marcel Dekker. p. 304. ISBN 0-8247-9352-8. ^ Indra, Rinchingiin (2003). "Mongolian Dairy Products". In Dendev Badarch, Raymond A Zilinskas (ed.). Mongolia Today: Science, Culture, Environment and Development. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 0-7007-1598-3. ^ Indra p. 73. ^ Mischler and Sosorbaram (2005–2006). "Ayrag". Mongolian Food Info. Retrieved 11 September 2006. ^ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 46. ISBN 0-684-80001-2. ^ Law, B A, ed. (1997). Microbiology and Biochemistry of Cheese and Fermented Milk. Springer. pp. 120. ISBN 0-7514-0346-6. ^ McGee p. 761 ^ "Mongol Arkhi – Milk Liquor – Beverage from Mongolia". www.mongolfood.info. ^ Outram, A. K.; Stear, N. A.; Bendrey, R.; Olsen, S.; Kasparov, A.; Zaibert, V.; Thorpe, N.; Evershed, R. P. (6 March 2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–1335. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1332O. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719. ^ Histories, book four. Translation by George Rawlinson; available online at The Internet Classics Archive. ^ Sheridan, Paul (30 May 2015). "How to Make Kumis the Scythian Way". Anecdotes from Antiquity. Retrieved 27 August 2015. ^ Rockhill, William, translator (1900). The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55. p. 67. London: Hakluyt Society. ^ Brush, EF (1882). Kumyss. New York: Tremain & Co. ^ Standage, Tom (16 May 2006). "5". A history of the world in 6 glasses. Walker & Co. p. 182. ISBN 978-0802715524. Retrieved 20 December 2019. ^ "История города". Мэрия (in Russian). Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ "Bishkek Capital of Islamic Culture 2014". ICESCO-En. Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ "In Kyrgyzstan, a taste of the 'purest milk imaginable'". Financial Times. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ "This Asian country is betting on fermented horse milk to attract tourists". CNN. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ "Tolstoy, Leo – Confession".; Transliterated as "kumys". ^ "Story of "CALPIS"". Calpis. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2014.