Perfect Daily Poops - End Constipation, Gas, Bloating & “Gut Trouble”!

Step 1

Lewandowski K, Kaniewska M, Karłowicz K, Rosołowski M, Rydzewska G. The effectiveness of microencapsulated sodium butyrate at reducing symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny. 2022;17(1):28-34. doi:10.5114/pg.2021.112681. Pituch A, Walkowiak J, Banaszkiewicz A. Butyric acid in functional constipation. Prz Gastroenterol. 2013;8(5):295-8. doi: 10.5114/pg.2013.38731. Epub 2013 Oct 28. PMID: 24868272; PMCID: PMC4027827. Pietrzak A, Banasiewicz T. Applicability of sodium butyrate preparations from a surgeon’s and gastroenterologist’s perspective. Pol Przegl Chir. (2024);96(2):68-73. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.4152. Mori H, Tack J, Suzuki H. Magnesium Oxide in Constipation. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 28;13(2):421. doi: 10.3390/nu13020421. PMID: 33525523; PMCID: PMC7911806. Aniebo Umoh E, Obembe AO, Ikpi DE, Ekpenyong Eniang-Esien O, Okon Asuquo J, Effiom-Ekaha OO. Effect of chronic administration of magnesium supplement (magnesium glycinate) on male albino wistar rats' intestinal (Ileum) motility, body weight changes, food and water intake. Heliyon. 2023 Aug 9;9(8):e19042. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19042. PMID: 37636381; PMCID: PMC10448020. Del Chierico F, Trapani V, Petito V, Reddel S, Pietropaolo G, Graziani C, Masi L, Gasbarrini A, Putignani L, Scaldaferri F, Wolf FI. Dietary Magnesium Alleviates Experimental Murine Colitis through Modulation of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2021 Nov 23;13(12):4188. doi: 10.3390/nu13124188. PMID: 34959740; PMCID: PMC8707433. Wang H, Xue Y, Zhang H, Huang Y, Yang G, Du M, Zhu MJ. Dietary grape seed extract ameliorates symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease in IL10-deficient mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 Dec;57(12):2253-7. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300146. Epub 2013 Aug 21. PMID: 23963706; PMCID: PMC3976669. Nallathambi R, Poulev A, Zuk JB, Raskin I. Proanthocyanidin-Rich Grape Seed Extract Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Restores Tight Junction Barrier Function in Caco-2 Colon Cells. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 1;12(6):1623. doi: 10.3390/nu12061623. PMID: 32492806; PMCID: PMC7352846. Wang X, Qi Y, Zheng H. Dietary Polyphenol, Gut Microbiota, and Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Jun 20;11(6):1212. doi: 10.3390/antiox11061212. PMID: 35740109; PMCID: PMC9220293. Elisa Colombo, Enrico Sangiovanni, Mario Dell'Agli, "A Review on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pomegranate in the Gastrointestinal Tract", Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 247145, 11 pages, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/247145 Stockton A, Al-Dujaili EAS. Effect of Pomegranate Extract Consumption on Satiety Parameters in Healthy Volunteers: A Preliminary Randomized Study. Foods. 2022 Aug 31;11(17):2639. doi: 10.3390/foods11172639. PMID: 36076824; PMCID: PMC9455635. Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT, Martin CK, Coulon S, Geiselman P, Han H, White CL, Williamson DA. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):405-12. doi: 10.1089/dia.2007.0292. PMID: 18715218; PMCID: PMC2753428.

Step 2

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University. Mohit S. Verma, Michael J. Fink, Gabriel L. Salmon. A Common Mechanism Links Activities of Butyrate in the Colon. ACS Chem. Biol. 2018, 13, 1291−1298 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. GOPALAN SAMPATHKUMAR, ; KEVIN YAREMA. Hybrid molecule causes cancer cells to self-destruct. PUBLIC RELEASE: 3-JAN-2007. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death Rios-Covian, D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, and Salazar N. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol 7: 185, 2016. Novogrodsky,A., Dvir,A., Ravid,A., Shkolnik,T., Stenzel,K. H., Rubin,A. L, and Zaizov, R. Effect of polar organic compounds on leukemic cells. Butyrate-induced partial remission of acute myelogenous leukemia in a child. Cancer (Phila.), 51: 9—14, 1983. Kim HJ1, Leeds P, Chuang DM. The HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate, stimulates neurogenesis in the ischemic brain. J Neurochem. 2009 Aug;110(4):1226-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06212.x. Epub 2009 Jun 15. Tao Yang and Jasenka Zubcevic. Gut–Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure. Front Physiol. 2017; 8: 845. Andoh A, Bamba T, Sasaki M. Physiological and anti-inflammatory roles of dietary fiber and butyrate in intestinal functions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S70-3. Tao Yang and Jasenka Zubcevic. Gut–Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure. Front Physiol. 2017; 8: 845. Whelton S. P., Hyre A. D., Pedersen B., Yi Y., Whelton P. K., He J. (2005). Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. J. Hypertens. 23, 475–481. Gao Z1, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward RE. Butyrate improves IS sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes. 2009 Jul;58(7):1509-17. doi: 10.2337/db08-1637. Epub 2009 Apr 14. Lin, HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ, Jr., Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR, Hubert JA, Szeto D, Yao X, Forrest G, and Marsh DJ. Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 7: e35240, 2012. Heimann, E, Nyman M, and Degerman E. Propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis and increase IS-stimulated glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. Adipocyte 4: 81-88, 2015. Lin, HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ, Jr., Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR, Hubert JA, Szeto D, Yao X, Forrest G, and Marsh DJ. Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 7: e35240, 2012. Gao Z., Yin J., Zhang J., Ward R. E., Martin R. J., Lefevre M., et al. . (2009). Butyrate improves IS sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes 58, 1509–1517. 10.2337/db08-1637 Zaleski, A, Banaszkiewicz A, and Walkowiak J. Butyric acid in irritable bowel syndrome. Prz Gastroenterol 8: 350-353, 2013. Banasiewicz T, Kaczmarek E, Maik J, and al. e. Quality of life and the clinical symptoms at the patients with irritable bowel syndrome treated complementary with protected sodium butyrate. Gastroenterol Prakt 5: 45-53, 2011. Velazquez, OC, Lederer HM, and Rombeau JL. Butyrate and the colonocyte. Production, absorption, metabolism, and therapeutic implications. Adv Exp Med Biol 427: 123-134, 1997. Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N, Javelot H. Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2011 Mar;105(5):755-64. Rao AV, Bested AC, Beaulne TM, Katzman MA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Gut Pathog. 2009 Mar 19;1(1):6. Mishiro, T, Kusunoki R, Otani A, Ansary MM, Tongu M, Harashima N, Yamada T, Sato S, Amano Y, Itoh K, Ishihara S, and Kinoshita Y. Butyric acid attenuates intestinal inflammation in murine DSS-induced colitis model via milk fat globule-EGF factor 8. Lab Invest 93: 834-843, 2013. Rabbani, GH, Albert MJ, Hamidur Rahman AS, Moyenul Isalm M, Nasirul Islam KM, and Alam K. Short-chain fatty acids improve clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic features of experimental shigellosis. J Infect Dis 179: 390-397, 1999. Kelly Cushing, David M Alvarado, Matthew A Ciorba. Butyrate and Mucosal Inflammation: New Scientific Evidence Supports Clinical Observation. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug; 6(8): e108. Robert W Li. CongJun Li. Butyrate induces profound changes in gene expression related to multiple signal pathways in bovine kidney epithelial cells. BMC Genomics. 2006; 7: 234. Atweh GF1, Sutton M, Nassif I, Boosalis V. Sustained induction of fetal hemoglobin by pulse butyrate therapy in sickle cell disease. Blood. 1999 Mar 15;93(6):1790-7. Alvaro A1, Solà R, Rosales R. Gene expression analysis of a human enterocyte cell line reveals downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in response to short-chain fatty acids. IUBMB Life. 2008 Nov;60(11):757-64. Gao Z1, Yin J, Zhang J. Butyrate improves IS sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes. 2009 Jul;58(7):1509-17. Kim HJ1, Leeds P, Chuang DM. The HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate, stimulates neurogenesis in the ischemic brain. J Neurochem. 2009 Aug;110(4):1226-40. Tao Yang and Jasenka Zubcevic. Gut–Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure. Front Physiol. 2017; 8: 845. Mohit S. Verma, Michael J. Fink, Gabriel L. Salmon. A Common Mechanism Links Activities of Butyrate in the Colon. : ACS Chem. Biol. 2018, 13, 1291−1298 Andrea Michielan, Renata D'Incà. Intestinal Permeability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenesis, Clinical Evaluation, and Therapy of Leaky Gut. Mediators Inflamm. 2015; 2015: 628157. Zaleski, A, Banaszkiewicz A, and Walkowiak J. Butyric acid in irritable bowel syndrome. Prz Gastroenterol 8: 350-353, 2013. Zaleski, A, Banaszkiewicz A, and Walkowiak J. Butyric acid in irritable bowel syndrome. Prz Gastroenterol 8: 350-353, 2013. Rios-Covian, D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, and Salazar N. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol 7: 185, 2016. Andoh A, Bamba T, Sasaki M. Physiological and anti-inflammatory roles of dietary fiber and butyrate in intestinal functions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S70-3. Bach Knudsen KE, Lærke HN, Hedemann MS. Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2018 Oct 13;10(10). De Preter V, Arijs I, Windey K, Vanhove W. Impaired butyrate oxidation in ulcerative colitis is due to decreased butyrate uptake and a defect in the oxidation pathway. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Jun;18(6):1127-36. Hallert C, Björck I, Nyman M. Increasing fecal butyrate in ulcerative colitis patients by diet: controlled pilot study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003 Mar;9(2):116-21. Lin, HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ, Jr., Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR, Hubert JA, Szeto D, Yao X, Forrest G, and Marsh DJ. Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 7: e35240, 2012. Yimin Jia Jian Hong Huifang Li. Butyrate stimulates adipose lipolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation through histone hyperacetylation‐associated β3‐adrenergic receptor activation in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice. Experimental Physiology, 28 December 2016. Byrne, CS, Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, and Frost G. The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond) 39: 1331-1338, 2015. Bourassa, MW, Alim I, Bultman SJ, and Ratan RR. Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health? Neurosci Lett 625: 56-63, 2016. Rao AV, Bested AC, Beaulne TM, Katzman MA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Gut Pathog. 2009 Mar 19;1(1):6. Rao AV, Bested AC, Beaulne TM, Katzman MA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Gut Pathog. 2009 Mar 19;1(1):6. Zi-Xing Chen and Theodore IL Breitman. Tributyrin: A Prodrug of Butyric Acid for Potential Clinical Application in Differentiation Therapy. CANCER RESEARCH 54, 3494-3499, July 1, 1994. American Osteopathic Association. Up to 50 percent of US population is magnesium deficient. February 26, 2018. Harvard T.H. Chan School Of Public Health. Magnesium - Nutrition Source. Harvard Health Publishing. What you should know about magnesium. Ismail, A. A., & Ismail, N. A. (2016). Magnesium: A Mineral Essential for Health Yet Generally Underestimated or Even Ignored. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 6(4). doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000523 Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia: a clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Med Res. 2014 May;45(4):325-30. Nicholas E. Diamant, M.D. Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease. GI Motility online (2006) doi:10.1038/gimo21 Murakami, K., Sasaki, S., Okubo, H., Takahashi, Y., Hosoi, Y., & Itabashi, M. (2006). Association between dietary fiber, water and magnesium intake and functional constipation among young Japanese women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,61(5), 616-622. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602573 Hruby, A., Meigs, J. B., Odonnell, C. J., Jacques, P. F., & Mckeown, N. M. (2013). Higher Magnesium Intake Reduces Risk of Impaired Glucose and IS Metabolism and Progression From Prediabetes to Diabetes in Middle-Aged Americans. Diabetes Care,37(2), 419-427. doi:10.2337/dc13-1397 Boyle, N.B., Lawton, C., & Dye, L. (2017). The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress—A Systematic Review. Nutrients,9(5), 429. doi:10.3390/nu9050429 Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. The nutrition source: Magnesium. American Osteopathic Association. Up to 50 percent of US population is magnesium deficient. February 26, 2018. Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):405-12. Anderson RA1, Cheng N, Bryden NA. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and IS variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1997 Nov;46(11):1786-91. Mertz W. Interaction of chromium with IS: a progress report. Nutr Rev 1998;56:174-7. Porte Jr. D, Sherwin RS, Baron A (editors). Ellengerg & Rifkin’s Diabetes Mellitus, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003. Anton SD1, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):405-12. McCarty MF. Longevity effect of chromium picolinate--'rejuvenation' of hypothalamic function? Med Hypotheses. 1994 Oct;43(4):253-65. Mertz W. Interaction of chromium with IS: a progress report. Nutr Rev 1998;56:174-7. Schwarz K, Mertz W. Chromium(III) and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;85:292-5. Haili Zhang, MM,a Shuang Liu, MM,b Lan Li, BD,b Shisong Liu, BD. The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Aug; 95(33): e4247. Park E, Edirisinghe I, Choy YY, Waterhouse A, Burton-Freeman B. Effects of grape seed extract beverage on blood pressure and metabolic indices in individuals with pre-hypertension: a randomised, double-blinded, two-arm, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016 Jan 28;115(2):226-38. Sano A, Uchida R, Saito M. Beneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDL. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007 Apr;53(2):174-82. Safaei N, Babaei H, Azarfarin R, Jodati AR. Comparative effect of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) and ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017 Jan-Mar;20(1):45-51. Calapai G, Bonina F, Bonina A. A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Clinical Trial on Effects of a Vitis vinifera Extract on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Oct 31;8:776. Sarkaki A, Rafieirad M, Hossini SE. Improvement in Memory and Brain Long-term Potentiation Deficits Due to Permanent Hypoperfusion/Ischemia by Grape Seed Extract in Rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013 Sep;16(9):1004-10. Nuttall SL, Kendall MJ, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. An evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract, Leucoselect. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1998 Oct;23(5):385-9. Ryu D, Mouchiroud L, Andreux PA, Katsyuba E. Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents. Nat Med. 2016 Aug;22(8):879-88. doi: 10.1038/nm.4132. Epub 2016 Jul 11. Sedigheh Asgary Amirhossein Sahebkar Mohammad Reza Afshani. Clinical Evaluation of Blood Pressure Lowering, Endothelial Function Improving, Hypolipidemic and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Pomegranate Juice in Hypertensive Subjects. Phytotherapy Research. Volume 28, Issue2. February 2014. Pages 193-199. Mirmiran P, Fazeli MR, Asghari G, Shafiee A, Azizi F. Effect of pomegranate seed oil on hyperlipidaemic subjects: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104(3):402-6. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510000504. Bookheimer SY, Renner BA, Ekstrom A. Pomegranate juice augments memory and FMRI activity in middle-aged and older adults with mild memory complaints. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:946298. Susan A. Ropacki, Sapna M. Patel, Richard E. Hartman. Pomegranate Supplementation Protects against Memory Dysfunction after Heart Surgery: A Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 932401. Colombo E, Sangiovanni E, Dell'agli M. A review on the anti-inflammatory activity of pomegranate in the gastrointestinal tract. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:247145. Gonçalves P, Martel F. Butyrate and colorectal cancer: the role of butyrate transport. Curr Drug Metab. 2013 Nov;14(9):994-1008. Rios-Covian, D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, and Salazar N. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol 7: 185, 2016. Gao Z., Yin J., Zhang J., Ward R. E., Martin R. J., Lefevre M., et al. . (2009). Butyrate improves IS sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes 58, 1509–1517. 10.2337/db08-1637 Kim HJ1, Leeds P, Chuang DM. The HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate, stimulates neurogenesis in the ischemic brain. J Neurochem. 2009 Aug;110(4):1226-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06212.x. Epub 2009 Jun 15. Colombo E, Sangiovanni E, Dell'agli M. A review on the anti-inflammatory activity of pomegranate in the gastrointestinal tract. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:247145. Andoh A, Bamba T, Sasaki M. Physiological and anti-inflammatory roles of dietary fiber and butyrate in intestinal functions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S70-3. Tao Yang and Jasenka Zubcevic. Gut–Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure. Front Physiol. 2017; 8: 845. Whelton S. P., Hyre A. D., Pedersen B., Yi Y., Whelton P. K., He J. (2005). Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. J. Hypertens. 23, 475–481. Gao Z1, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward RE. Butyrate improves IS sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes. 2009 Jul;58(7):1509-17. doi: 10.2337/db08-1637. Epub 2009 Apr 14. Lin, HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ, Jr., Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR, Hubert JA, Szeto D, Yao X, Forrest G, and Marsh DJ. Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 7: e35240, 2012. Heimann, E, Nyman M, and Degerman E. Propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis and increase IS-stimulated glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. Adipocyte 4: 81-88, 2015. Lin, HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ, Jr., Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR, Hubert JA, Szeto D, Yao X, Forrest G, and Marsh DJ. Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 7: e35240, 2012.