Ciprofloxacin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online

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Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article] Chaudhry U, Ray K, Bala M, Saluja D: Mutation patterns in gyrA and parC genes of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from India. Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Dec;78(6):440-4. [Article] Lee JK, Lee YS, Park YK, Kim BS: Mutations in the gyrA and parC genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Korea. Microbiol Immunol. 2005;49(7):647-53. [Article] Leavis HL, Willems RJ, Top J, Bonten MJ: High-level ciprofloxacin resistance from point mutations in gyrA and parC confined to global hospital-adapted clonal lineage CC17 of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Mar;44(3):1059-64. [Article] Drlica K, Zhao X: DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Sep;61(3):377-92. [Article]

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Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article] Chaudhry U, Ray K, Bala M, Saluja D: Mutation patterns in gyrA and parC genes of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from India. Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Dec;78(6):440-4. [Article] Abdelbaqi K, Menard A, Prouzet-Mauleon V, Bringaud F, Lehours P, Megraud F: Nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene of Arcobacter species and characterization of human ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007 Apr;49(3):337-45. [Article] Taylor DE, Chau AS: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene from Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus ATCC 27374 and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant laboratory and clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997 Mar;41(3):665-71. [Article]

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Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article] Robinson MJ, Martin BA, Gootz TD, McGuirk PR, Osheroff N: Effects of novel fluoroquinolones on the catalytic activities of eukaryotic topoisomerase II: Influence of the C-8 fluorine group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Apr;36(4):751-6. [Article] Hussy P, Maass G, Tummler B, Grosse F, Schomburg U: Effect of 4-quinolones and novobiocin on calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha primase complex, topoisomerases I and II, and growth of mammalian lymphoblasts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jun;29(6):1073-8. [Article]

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Keseru GM: Prediction of hERG potassium channel affinity by traditional and hologram qSAR methods. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Aug 18;13(16):2773-5. [Article]

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Hubschwerlen C, Specklin JL, Baeschlin DK, Borer Y, Haefeli S, Sigwalt C, Schroeder S, Locher HH: Structure-activity relationship in the oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid series: influence of the central spacer on the antibacterial activity and the mode of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Dec 1;13(23):4229-33. [Article]

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Wiles JA, Song Y, Wang Q, Lucien E, Hashimoto A, Cheng J, Marlor CW, Ou Y, Podos SD, Thanassi JA, Thoma CL, Deshpande M, Pucci MJ, Bradbury BJ: Biological evaluation of isothiazoloquinolones containing aromatic heterocycles at the 7-position: In vitro activity of a series of potent antibacterial agents that are effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Mar 1;16(5):1277-81. Epub 2005 Dec 7. [Article]

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Butler MM, Lamarr WA, Foster KA, Barnes MH, Skow DJ, Lyden PT, Kustigian LM, Zhi C, Brown NC, Wright GE, Bowlin TL: Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of a novel anilinouracil-fluoroquinolone hybrid compound. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Jan;51(1):119-27. Epub 2006 Oct 30. [Article]

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Butler MM, Lamarr WA, Foster KA, Barnes MH, Skow DJ, Lyden PT, Kustigian LM, Zhi C, Brown NC, Wright GE, Bowlin TL: Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of a novel anilinouracil-fluoroquinolone hybrid compound. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Jan;51(1):119-27. Epub 2006 Oct 30. [Article]

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Long F, Rouquette-Loughlin C, Shafer WM, Yu EW: Functional cloning and characterization of the multidrug efflux pumps NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and YdhE from Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Sep;52(9):3052-60. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00475-08. Epub 2008 Jun 30. [Article]

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Karkare S, Chung TT, Collin F, Mitchenall LA, McKay AR, Greive SJ, Meyer JJ, Lall N, Maxwell A: The naphthoquinone diospyrin is an inhibitor of DNA gyrase with a novel mechanism of action. J Biol Chem. 2013 Feb 15;288(7):5149-56. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.419069. Epub 2012 Dec 28. [Article]

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Surivet JP, Zumbrunn C, Rueedi G, Hubschwerlen C, Bur D, Bruyere T, Locher H, Ritz D, Keck W, Seiler P, Kohl C, Gauvin JC, Mirre A, Kaegi V, Dos Santos M, Gaertner M, Delers J, Enderlin-Paput M, Boehme M: Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel tetrahydropyran-based bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors with potent anti-gram-positive activity. J Med Chem. 2013 Sep 26;56(18):7396-415. doi: 10.1021/jm400963y. Epub 2013 Sep 11. [Article]

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Batty KT, Davis TM, Ilett KF, Dusci LJ, Langton SR: The effect of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1995 Mar;39(3):305-11. [Article] Granfors MT, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ: Ciprofloxacin greatly increases concentrations and hypotensive effect of tizanidine by inhibiting its cytochrome P450 1A2-mediated presystemic metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Dec;76(6):598-606. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.08.018. [Article] Zhang L, Wei MJ, Zhao CY, Qi HM: Determination of the inhibitory potential of 6 fluoroquinolones on CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 in human liver microsomes. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2008 Dec;29(12):1507-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00908.x. [Article] Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link] Drug Interactions & Labeling - FDA [Link]

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McLellan RA, Drobitch RK, Monshouwer M, Renton KW: Fluoroquinolone antibiotics inhibit cytochrome P450-mediated microsomal drug metabolism in rat and human. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Oct;24(10):1134-8. [Article] Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link] Drug Interactions & Labeling - FDA [Link] FDA Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers [Link]

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Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link] Drug Interactions & Labeling - FDA [Link]

Step 17

Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link] Drug Interactions & Labeling - FDA [Link]

Step 18

Varshney A, Ansari Y, Zaidi N, Ahmad E, Badr G, Alam P, Khan RH: Analysis of binding interaction between antibacterial ciprofloxacin and human serum albumin by spectroscopic techniques. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014 Sep;70(1):93-101. doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-9863-1. [Article]

Step 19

Wang E, Lew K, Barecki M, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Quantitative distinctions of active site molecular recognition by P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4. Chem Res Toxicol. 2001 Dec;14(12):1596-603. [Article] Yamaguchi H, Yano I, Saito H, Inui K: Effect of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure on bioavailability and intestinal secretion of quinolone antibacterial drugs in rats. Pharm Res. 2004 Feb;21(2):330-8. [Article]

Step 20

Tanihara Y, Masuda S, Sato T, Katsura T, Ogawa O, Inui K: Substrate specificity of MATE1 and MATE2-K, human multidrug and toxin extrusions/H(+)-organic cation antiporters. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 15;74(2):359-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.04.010. Epub 2007 Apr 13. [Article] Ohta KY, Imamura Y, Okudaira N, Atsumi R, Inoue K, Yuasa H: Functional characterization of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 as a facilitative transporter for fluoroquinolones. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Feb;328(2):628-34. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.142257. Epub 2008 Nov 12. [Article]

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Tanihara Y, Masuda S, Sato T, Katsura T, Ogawa O, Inui K: Substrate specificity of MATE1 and MATE2-K, human multidrug and toxin extrusions/H(+)-organic cation antiporters. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 15;74(2):359-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.04.010. Epub 2007 Apr 13. [Article]