Melatonin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online

Step 1

Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P: Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):412-9. [Article] Caniato R, Filippini R, Piovan A, Puricelli L, Borsarini A, Cappelletti EM: Melatonin in plants. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:593-7. [Article] Hardeland R: Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance. Endocrine. 2005 Jul;27(2):119-30. [Article] Hattori A, Migitaka H, Iigo M, Itoh M, Yamamoto K, Ohtani-Kaneko R, Hara M, Suzuki T, Reiter RJ: Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1995 Mar;35(3):627-34. [Article] Ma X, Chen C, Krausz KW, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ: A metabolomic perspective of melatonin metabolism in the mouse. Endocrinology. 2008 Apr;149(4):1869-79. doi: 10.1210/en.2007-1412. Epub 2008 Jan 10. [Article] Reiter RJ, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S: Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Jun;939:200-15. [Article]

Step 2

Radogna F, Paternoster L, De Nicola M, Cerella C, Ammendola S, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M, Ghibelli L: Rapid and transient stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by melatonin in normal and tumor leukocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 15;239(1):37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.012. Epub 2009 May 19. [Article] Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article] Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P: Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):412-9. [Article] Hardeland R: Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent. Biofactors. 2009 Mar-Apr;35(2):183-92. doi: 10.1002/biof.23. [Article] Srinivasan V, Singh J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brown GM, Spence DW, Cardinali DP: Jet lag, circadian rhythm sleep disturbances, and depression: the role of melatonin and its analogs. Adv Ther. 2010 Nov;27(11):796-813. doi: 10.1007/s12325-010-0065-y. Epub 2010 Sep 6. [Article] Carocci A, Catalano A, Lovece A, Lentini G, Duranti A, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Scaglione F, Franchini C: Design, synthesis, and pharmacological effects of structurally simple ligands for MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Sep 1;18(17):6496-511. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.100. Epub 2010 Jul 3. [Article] Prendergast BJ: MT1 melatonin receptors mediate somatic, behavioral, and reproductive neuroendocrine responses to photoperiod and melatonin in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Endocrinology. 2010 Feb;151(2):714-21. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-0710. Epub 2009 Dec 4. [Article]

Step 3

Radogna F, Paternoster L, De Nicola M, Cerella C, Ammendola S, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M, Ghibelli L: Rapid and transient stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by melatonin in normal and tumor leukocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 15;239(1):37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.012. Epub 2009 May 19. [Article] Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P: Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):412-9. [Article] Hardeland R: Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent. Biofactors. 2009 Mar-Apr;35(2):183-92. doi: 10.1002/biof.23. [Article] Srinivasan V, Singh J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brown GM, Spence DW, Cardinali DP: Jet lag, circadian rhythm sleep disturbances, and depression: the role of melatonin and its analogs. Adv Ther. 2010 Nov;27(11):796-813. doi: 10.1007/s12325-010-0065-y. Epub 2010 Sep 6. [Article] Carocci A, Catalano A, Lovece A, Lentini G, Duranti A, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Scaglione F, Franchini C: Design, synthesis, and pharmacological effects of structurally simple ligands for MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Sep 1;18(17):6496-511. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.100. Epub 2010 Jul 3. [Article] Prendergast BJ: MT1 melatonin receptors mediate somatic, behavioral, and reproductive neuroendocrine responses to photoperiod and melatonin in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Endocrinology. 2010 Feb;151(2):714-21. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-0710. Epub 2009 Dec 4. [Article]

Step 4

del Rio B, Garcia Pedrero JM, Martinez-Campa C, Zuazua P, Lazo PS, Ramos S: Melatonin, an endogenous-specific inhibitor of estrogen receptor alpha via calmodulin. J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 10;279(37):38294-302. Epub 2004 Jun 30. [Article] Yoo YM, Jeung EB: Melatonin-induced estrogen receptor alpha-mediated calbindin-D9k expression plays a role in H2O2-mediated cell death in rat pituitary GH3 cells. J Pineal Res. 2009 Nov;47(4):301-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2009.00714.x. Epub 2009 Oct 1. [Article]

Step 5

Becker-Andre M, Wiesenberg I, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Andre E, Missbach M, Saurat JH, Carlberg C: Pineal gland hormone melatonin binds and activates an orphan of the nuclear receptor superfamily. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 18;269(46):28531-4. [Article]

Step 6

del Rio B, Garcia Pedrero JM, Martinez-Campa C, Zuazua P, Lazo PS, Ramos S: Melatonin, an endogenous-specific inhibitor of estrogen receptor alpha via calmodulin. J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 10;279(37):38294-302. Epub 2004 Jun 30. [Article] Radogna F, Paternoster L, De Nicola M, Cerella C, Ammendola S, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M, Ghibelli L: Rapid and transient stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by melatonin in normal and tumor leukocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 15;239(1):37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.012. Epub 2009 May 19. [Article]

Step 7

Galijasevic S, Abdulhamid I, Abu-Soud HM: Melatonin is a potent inhibitor for myeloperoxidase. Biochemistry. 2008 Feb 26;47(8):2668-77. doi: 10.1021/bi702016q. Epub 2008 Feb 1. [Article]

Step 8

Lu T, Galijasevic S, Abdulhamid I, Abu-Soud HM: Analysis of the mechanism by which melatonin inhibits human eosinophil peroxidase. Br J Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;154(6):1308-17. doi: 10.1038/bjp.2008.173. Epub 2008 Jun 2. [Article]

Step 9

Hardeland R: Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent. Biofactors. 2009 Mar-Apr;35(2):183-92. doi: 10.1002/biof.23. [Article] Macias M, Escames G, Leon J, Coto A, Sbihi Y, Osuna A, Acuna-Castroviejo D: Calreticulin-melatonin. An unexpected relationship. Eur J Biochem. 2003 Mar;270(5):832-40. [Article]

Step 10

Minneman KP, Wurtman RJ: The pharmacology of the pineal gland. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1976;16:33-51. [Article]

Step 11

Radogna F, Paternoster L, De Nicola M, Cerella C, Ammendola S, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M, Ghibelli L: Rapid and transient stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by melatonin in normal and tumor leukocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 15;239(1):37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.012. Epub 2009 May 19. [Article]

Step 12

Chang TK, Chen J, Yang G, Yeung EY: Inhibition of procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes by melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2010 Jan;48(1):55-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2009.00724.x. Epub 2009 Nov 16. [Article] Ma X, Idle JR, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ: Metabolism of melatonin by human cytochromes p450. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):489-94. Epub 2004 Dec 22. [Article]

Step 13

Chang TK, Chen J, Yang G, Yeung EY: Inhibition of procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes by melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2010 Jan;48(1):55-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2009.00724.x. Epub 2009 Nov 16. [Article] Ma X, Idle JR, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ: Metabolism of melatonin by human cytochromes p450. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):489-94. Epub 2004 Dec 22. [Article] Turpeinen M, Uusitalo J, Jalonen J, Pelkonen O: Multiple P450 substrates in a single run: rapid and comprehensive in vitro interaction assay. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2005 Jan;24(1):123-32. [Article] Hartter S, Nordmark A, Rose DM, Bertilsson L, Tybring G, Laine K: Effects of caffeine intake on the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;56(6):679-82. [Article] Hartter S, Wang X, Weigmann H, Friedberg T, Arand M, Oesch F, Hiemke C: Differential effects of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants on the biotransformation of melatonin. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Apr;21(2):167-74. [Article]

Step 14

Chang TK, Chen J, Yang G, Yeung EY: Inhibition of procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes by melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2010 Jan;48(1):55-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2009.00724.x. Epub 2009 Nov 16. [Article] Ma X, Idle JR, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ: Metabolism of melatonin by human cytochromes p450. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):489-94. Epub 2004 Dec 22. [Article] Yu Z, Tian X, Peng Y, Sun Z, Wang C, Tang N, Li B, Jian Y, Wang W, Huo X, Ma X: Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 is responsible for melatonin-induced apoptosis in neural cancer cells. J Pineal Res. 2018 Aug;65(1):e12478. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12478. Epub 2018 Mar 25. [Article]

Step 15

Huuhka K, Riutta A, Haataja R, Ylitalo P, Leinonen E: The effect of CYP2C19 substrate on the metabolism of melatonin in the elderly: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;28(7):447-50. [Article] Facciola G, Hidestrand M, von Bahr C, Tybring G: Cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in melatonin metabolism in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;56(12):881-8. doi: 10.1007/s002280000245. [Article]

Step 16

Mo SL, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Wei MQ, Zhou SF: New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126. [Article]

Step 17

Minneman KP, Wurtman RJ: The pharmacology of the pineal gland. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1976;16:33-51. [Article]

Step 18

Ferry G, Ubeaud C, Lambert PH, Bertin S, Coge F, Chomarat P, Delagrange P, Serkiz B, Bouchet JP, Truscott RJ, Boutin JA: Molecular evidence that melatonin is enzymatically oxidized in a different manner than tryptophan: investigations with both indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and myeloperoxidase. Biochem J. 2005 May 15;388(Pt 1):205-15. [Article]

Step 19

Ferry G, Ubeaud C, Lambert PH, Bertin S, Coge F, Chomarat P, Delagrange P, Serkiz B, Bouchet JP, Truscott RJ, Boutin JA: Molecular evidence that melatonin is enzymatically oxidized in a different manner than tryptophan: investigations with both indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and myeloperoxidase. Biochem J. 2005 May 15;388(Pt 1):205-15. [Article]

Step 20

Gonzalez A, Martinez-Campa C, Mediavilla MD, Alonso-Gonzalez C, Sanchez-Mateos S, Hill SM, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Cos S: Effects of MT1 melatonin receptor overexpression on the aromatase-suppressive effect of melatonin in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2007 Apr;17(4):947-53. doi: 10.3892/or.17.4.947. [Article]

Step 21

Ohtsuki S, Asaba H, Takanaga H, Deguchi T, Hosoya K, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem. 2002 Oct;83(1):57-66. [Article] Kusuhara H, Sekine T, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Tsuda M, Kojima R, Cha SH, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter from rat brain. J Biol Chem. 1999 May 7;274(19):13675-80. [Article]