Kimchi - Wikipedia

^ Jump up to: a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Kimchi". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chin, Mei (14 October 2009). "The Art of Kimchi". Saveur. Retrieved 9 August 2010. ^ McAninch, David (14 October 2009). "A World of Kimchi". Saveur. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Pettid, Michael J. (2008). Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 47–51. ISBN 978-1-86189-348-2. ^ 이, 태영 (23 May 2006). "[고장말탐험] '김치'와 '지'". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Hong, Giok (2016). "Study on the Lexicon Related to Gimchi -Based on Survey of Ethnic Living Words in 2008-". The Korean Association for Dialectology (24): 61–99. doi:10.19069/kordialect.2016.24.061. ^ Uichim; Jo, Wi; Yu, Yungyeom; Yu, Hyubok; et al., eds. (1632) [1481]. Bullyu Du Gongbu si Eonhae 분류두공부시언해(分類杜工部詩諺解) [Poems by Du Fu, Korean Translation]. 3 (reprint ed.). Joseon Korea. 長安앳 겨 디히 싀오  고 ^ Garye Eonhae 가례언해(家禮諺解) [Vernacular Edition of the Chia-li]. 10. Translated by Sin, Sik. Joseon Korea. 1632. 豆 디히 젓 담 목긔라 (from the original Jiālǐ 家禮 by Zhu Xi) ^ "jjanji" 짠지. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ "seokbak-ji" 섞박지. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ "ji" 지. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ "seobeok-di" 서벅디. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Jeong, Gu; et al. (1586). Sohak Eonhae 소학언해(小學諺解) [Vernacular Rendition of the Elementary Learning] (in Korean). Joseon Korea – via Wikisource. ^ Zhū, Xǐ; Liú, Qīngzhī. Xiǎoxué 小學 [Elementary Learning] (in Chinese). Song China – via Wikisource. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kimchi" 김치 [kimchi]. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 24 March 2017. ^ "jimchae" 짐채. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ "jimchi" 짐치. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ "dimchi" 딤치. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hui, Y. H.; Ghazala, Sue; Graham, Dee M.; Murrell, K. D.; Nip, Wai-Kit, eds. (2004). Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0824743017. ^ Busik, Gim (1145). Samguk Sagi 삼국사기(三國史記) [History of the Three Kingdoms] (in Korean). Goryeo Korea – via Wikisource. ^ Jump up to: a b c Logarta, Margie T. (September 2013). "In A Pickle". Business Traveller (Asia-Pacific Edition): 70–73. ^ Yi, Gyubo (1241). "Gapoyugyeong" 가포육영(家圃六詠). DonggukIsanggukjip 동국이상국집(東國李相國集) [Collected works of Minister Yi of the Eastern Country] (in Literary Chinese). Goryeo Korea – via DB of Korean classics by ITKC.[permanent dead link] ^ Breidt, Fred; McFeeters, Roger F.; Pérez-Díaz, Ilenys; Lee, Cherl-Ho (2013). "Fermented Vegetables" (PDF). In Doyle, Michael P.; Buchanan, Robert L. (eds.). Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. p. 841. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch33. ISBN 9781555816261. ^ Kimchi. (2016). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b Guide to Korean Culture: Korea's cultural heritage (2015 ed.). Seoul: Korean Culture and Information Service, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. 2015 [1995]. pp. 131–133. ISBN 9788973755714. ^ Park, Jae Bok (Spring 1999). "Red Pepper and Kichi in Korea" (PDF). Chile Pepper Institute Newsletter. 8 (1). p. 3. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ Marianski, Stanley; Marianski, Adam (2012). Sauerkraut, Kimchi, Pickles & Relishes. Seminole, FL: Bookmagic. p. 45. ISBN 9780983697329. ^ Yi, Sugwang. Jibong yuseol 지봉유설(芝峯類說) [Topical Discourses of Jibong] (in Korean). Joseon Korea – via Wikisource. ^ Hong, Manseon. Sallim gyeongje 산림경제(山林經濟) [Farm Management] (in Literary Chinese). Joseon Korea. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2020 – via DB of Korean classics by ITKC. ^ Jump up to: a b Cho, Hong Sik (2006). "Food and Nationalism: Kimchi and Korean National Identity". The Korean Journal of International Studies. 4 (1): 207–229. doi:10.14731/kjis.2006.12.46.5.207. ^ Jeong, Hakyu. "Siwol" 시월(十月) [Tenth month]. Nongga wollyeongga 농가월령가(農家月令歌) [The Songs of Monthly Events of Farm Families]. ^ Hong, Seokmo. Dongguksesigi 동국세시기(東國歲時記) [A Record of the Seasonal Customs of the Eastern Kingdom]. Joseon Korea. ^ Yu, Jungrim; Hong, Manseon (1766). Jeungbo sallim gyeongje 증보산림경제(增補山林經濟) [Revised and Augmented Farm Management]. Joseon Korea. ^ Unknown (1919) [late 19th century]. Siuijeonseo (in Korean). Manuscript by Sim Hwanjin. Sangju, Korea. Lay summary – Korean Food Foundation. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sang-hun, Choe (24 February 2008). "Starship Kimchi: A Bold Taste Goes Where It Has Never Gone Before". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ^ https://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-kimchi?doodle=33821060 ^ Jump up to: a b c Jang, Dai Ja; Lee, Ae Ja; Kang, Soon-A; Lee, Seung Min; Kwon, Dae Young (2016). "Does siwonhan-mat represent delicious in Korean foods?". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 3 (2): 159–162. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2016.06.002. ^ "Kimchi, sikhae" 김치, 식해. Ch'osŏn Ryori (in Korean). Korean Association of Cooks. Retrieved 10 April 2017. ^ Parks, Cara (16 December 2014). "Shaking Up Salt". Modern Farmer. Retrieved 10 April 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "kimchi" 김치. Doopedia. Doosan Corporation. Retrieved 10 April 2017. ^ "Understanding and Making Kimchi" (PDF). Farm to Table. Colorado State University. ^ Paramithiotis, Spiros; Papoutsis, George; Drosinos, Eleftherios H. (2017). Paramithiotis, Spiros (ed.). Lactic Acid Fermentation of Fruits and Vegetables. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4987-2690-0. ^ Lee, Jung-Sook; Heo, Gun-Young; Lee, Jun Won; Oh, Yun-Jung; Park, Jeong A.; Park, Yong-Ha; Pyun, Yu-Ryang; Ahn, Jong Seog (2005). "Analysis of kimchi microflora using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 102 (2): 143–150. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.010. PMID 15992614. ^ Cho, Jinhee; Lee, Dongyun; Yang, Changnam; Jeon, Jongin; Kim, Jeongho; Han, Hongui (2006). "Microbial population dynamics of kimchi, a fermented cabbage product". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 257 (2): 262–267. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00186.x. PMID 16553862. ^ Chang, H.; Kim, K.; Nam, Y.; Roh, S.; Kim, M.; Jeon, C.; Oh, H.; Bae, J. (2008). "Analysis of yeast and archaeal population dynamics in kimchi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 126 (1–2): 159–166. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013. PMID 18562030. ^ Jung, Ji Young; Lee, Se Hee; Jin, Hyun Mi; Hahn, Yoonsoo; Madsen, Eugene L.; Jeon, Che Ok (2013). "Metatranscriptomic analysis of lactic acid bacterial gene expression during kimchi fermentation". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 163 (2–3): 171–179. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.022. PMID 23558201. ^ Jeong, Sang Hyeon; Lee, Se Hee; Jung, Ji Young; Choi, Eun Jin; Jeon, Che Ok (2013). "Microbial Succession and Metabolite Changes during Long-Term Storage of Kimchi". Journal of Food Science. 78 (5): M763–M769. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12095. PMID 23550842. ^ Jeong, Sang Hyeon; Jung, Ji Young; Lee, Se Hee; Jin, Hyun Mi; Jeon, Che Ok (2013). "Microbial succession and metabolite changes during fermentation of dongchimi, traditional Korean watery kimchi". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 164 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.016. PMID 23587713. ^ Hong, Yeun; Yang, H. S.; Chang, H. C.; Kim, H. Y. (2013). "Comparison of Bacterial Community Changes in Fermenting Kimchi at Two Different Temperatures Using a Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 23 (1): 76–84. doi:10.4014/jmb.1210.10002. PMID 23314371. S2CID 13462137. ^ Chang, HW; Kim, KH; Nam, YD; Roh, SW; Kim, MS; Jeon, CO; Oh, HM; Bae, JW (15 August 2008). "Analysis of yeast and archaeal population dynamics in kimchi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 126 (1–2): 159–66. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013. PMID 18562030. ^ Kim, JY; Kim, J; Cha, IT; Jung, MY; Song, HS; Kim, YB; Lee, C; Kang, SY; Bae, JW; Choi, YE; Kim, TW; Roh, SW (January 2019). "Community structures and genomic features of undesirable white colony-forming yeasts on fermented vegetables". Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea). 57 (1): 30–37. doi:10.1007/s12275-019-8487-y. PMID 30392155. S2CID 53219410. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lee, Mo-Eun; Jang, Ja-Young; Lee, Jong-Hee; Park, Hae-Woong; Choi, Hak-Jong; Kim, Tae-Woon (28 May 2015). "Starter Cultures for Kimchi Fermentation". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 25 (5): 559–568. doi:10.4014/jmb.1501.01019. ISSN 1017-7825. PMID 25674806. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Foods, National Research Council (US) Panel on the Applications of Biotechnology to Traditional Fermented (1992). Lactic Acid Fermentations. National Academies Press (US). ^ Park, Kun-Young; Jeong, Ji-Kang; Lee, Young-Eun; Daily, James W. (January 2014). "Health Benefits of Kimchi (Korean Fermented Vegetables) as a Probiotic Food". Journal of Medicinal Food. 17 (1): 6–20. doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.3083. ISSN 1096-620X. PMID 24456350. ^ Jump up to: a b Jung, Ji Young; Lee, Se Hee; Kim, Jeong Myeong; Park, Moon Su; Bae, Jin-Woo; Hahn, Yoonsoo; Madsen, Eugene L.; Jeon, Che Ok (1 April 2011). "Metagenomic Analysis of Kimchi, a Traditional Korean Fermented Food". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (7): 2264–2274. doi:10.1128/AEM.02157-10. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 3067442. PMID 21317261. ^ Korean Tourism Organization. (2015). Kimchi. ^ di Schino, June (2011). "Kimchi: Ferment at the Heart of Korean Cuisine, from Local Identity to Global Consumption". In Saberi, Helen (ed.). Cured, Smoked, and Fermented: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2010. Devon, UK: Prospect Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-903018-85-9. ^ Kimchi. (2016). Funk & Wagnall's New World Encyclopedia, 1p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b Chung, Hae-Kyung; Shin, Dayeon; Chung, Kyung Rhan; Choi, Soe Yeon; Woo, Nariyah (2017). "Recovering the royal cuisine in Chosun Dynasty and its esthetics". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 4 (4): 242–253. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2017.12.001. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kimchi." Yahoo Korean Encyclopedia Archived 24 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Kimchi". english.visitkorea.or.kr. Retrieved 1 April 2015. ^ "North Texas Traditional Living" (PDF). Making Kimchi. Retrieved 14 February 2011. ^ "TreeLight". Ultimate Kimchi. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2011. ^ "High-tech kimchi refrigerators keep Korea's favorite food crisp". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 14 March 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b McDonald, Mark (14 October 2010). "Rising Cost of Kimchi Alarms Koreans". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ Hui et al. (2004). Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing. New York: Marcel Dekker. Pages 190 & 191. Retrieved 23 March 2017, from link. ^ Huang, Echo (19 January 2018). "The kimchi you eat outside of Korea is probably made in China". Quartz. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ "Half of kimchi served at South Korean restaurants from China: Institute". The Jakarta Post. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2020. ^ Huang, Echo (19 January 2018). "The kimchi you eat outside of Korea is probably made in China". Quartz. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ "Kimchi by Nancy Berkoff, RD, EdD, CCE". Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ "Food in Korea". Asianinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2007. ^ "Kimchi". Tour2korea.com. Retrieved 30 January 2007. ^ from Korea Food Research Institute ^ Hui, Y.H. (2005). Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology. Taylor & Francis. Pages 740, 741 & 751. Retrieved 21 March 2017, from link. ^ Jump up to: a b c Tamang, J.P. (2015). Health Benefits of Fermented Foods and Beverages. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group. Pages 344, 350 & 351. Retrieved 21 March 2017, from link. ^ Jump up to: a b Magnier, Mark (17 June 2003). "In an Age of SARS, Koreans Tout Kimchi Cure". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 May 2010. ^ "Korean Dish 'May Cure Bird Flu'". BBC News. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Understanding and Making Kimchi" (PDF). Colorado Farm to Table Food Safety. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Chapter 5 - Process Products". Processed Products Establishment Inspection Manual. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 30 August 2012. ^ Sims, Calvin (February 2000) "Cabbage Is Cabbage? Not to Kimchi Lovers; Koreans Take Issue with a Rendition of Their National Dish Made in Japan". The New York Times. ^ "Codex standard for kimchi" (PDF). The Codex Alimentarius Commission. ^ In a video that was published to YouTube on 29 July 2013, Eleana J. Kim who is Assistant Professor of Anthropology as the University of Rochester talked about the international adoption of South Korean children. Kim's name and title appear at the 35:11 mark of the video. From the 26:56 mark of the video to the 28:09 mark of the video, Kim said, "Another aspect of the Korean adoptee experience that I explore in my book is their relationship to South Korea, and the South Korean state, and, uh, one of the things that the South Korean government, um, was, in a way, uh, um, compelled, to do, in the late nineteen nineties was to, recognize, adoptees, overseas adoptees, as Koreans, in some way. So, um, by nineteen ninety eight, adult Korean adoptees, who were living in Korea, petitioned the South Korean state to recognize them as overseas Koreans, Hanguggye dongpo, so that meant that they would be, uh, eligible for a special visa status, that would allow them to return to South Korea for extended periods of time, and, in line with this, this is an image from the overseas Korean foundation, uh, summer cultural program for overseas adoptees, and so, they developed these programs to help adult adoptees return to Korea and learn something about what it means to be Korean, so these programs are typically focused on traditional Korean culture, um, you know, adoptees dressing up in hanbok and learning how to make kimchi, um, such as these images here." ^ "Of cabbages and Kims". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "South Korea's Kimchi Crisis". The Economist. 7 October 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b "對중국 수출 '0'... 한국 김치가 운다". seoul.co.kr. ^ "수입만 하고 수출 못하는 韓·中 '김치무역' 바꿀 것". Hankyung.com. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "UNESCO Adds N. Korea's Kimchi-Making to Cultural Heritage List". KBS. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015. ^ "2003 Convention". UNESCO - Intangible Heritage Section. ^ "Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Culture Sector - UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2015. ^ North Koreans Want UNESCO Recognition for Their Kimchi Variation. YouTube. Voice of America. 2 December 2015. Event occurs at 1:10. Retrieved 3 December 2015. ^ Jeong, Sophie. "North Korea's latest peace offering: Kimchi". CNN. ^ Hernández, Javier C., Guo, Owen & McMorrow, Ryan. (2017). South Korean Stores Feel China’s Wrath as U.S. Missile System Is Deployed. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from link. ^ https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/2016jilin/2017-06/06/content_29641259.htm ^ http://www.theasian.asia/archives/75217 ^ Kim, Youmi; Ives, Mike (2 December 2020). "Is China Laying Claim to Kimchi, Too? Some South Koreans Think So". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 January 2021. ^ "Pao cai", Wikipedia, 6 January 2021, retrieved 18 January 2021 ^ "ISO 24220:2020 Pao cai (salted fermented vegetables) - Specification and test methods". ^ "China Claims Victory in Kimchi Wars". The Chosun Ilbo. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "South Korea refutes China's claim on industrial standard for kimchi". The Korea Times. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021. ^ "Kimchi ferments cultural feud between South Korea and China". The BBC. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "South Korea refutes China's claim on industrial standard for kimchi". The Korea Times. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021. ^ "Kimchi controversy: China's cultural provocation". The Korea Times. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021. ^ "Kimchi ferments cultural feud between South Korea and China". The BBC. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Kimchi ferments cultural feud between South Korea and China". The BBC. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Is China Laying Claim to Kimchi, Too? Some South Koreans Think So". The New York Times. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "'Stealing our culture': South Koreans upset after China claims kimchi as its own". The Guardian. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Kimchi: Koreans angry over attempted Chinese takeover". Deutsche Welle. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "Kimchi wars: South Korean academic takes spat with China to new level with tart ad in New York Times". South China Morning Post. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Academic activist puts kimchi ad in NYT". The Korea Times. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "Koreans defend kimchi, ssam against China". The Korea Herald. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.