Foie gras - Wikipedia

^ French rural code Code rural – Article L654-27-1: "On entend par foie gras, le foie d'un canard ou d'une oie spécialement engraissé par gavage." ("'Foie gras' is understood to mean the liver of a duck or a goose that has been especially fattened by gavage"). ^ The Perennial Plate: Episode 121: A Time for Foie. [1]. June 2013. ^ Ted Talks: Dan Barber's foie gras parable. [2]. July 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Torture in a tin: Viva! foie-gras fact sheet" (PDF). Viva!. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015. ^ French rural code L654-27-1 ^ "Ancient Egypt: Farmed and domesticated animals". Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b "A Global Taste Test of Foie Gras and Truffles". ^ (McGee 2004, p. 167): "Foie gras is the "fat liver" of force-fed geese and ducks. It has been made and appreciated since Roman times and probably long before; the force-feeding of geese is clearly represented in Egyptian art from 2500 BC." ^ Jump up to: a b c (Toussaint-Samat 1994, p. 425). ^ (Ginor 1999, p. 2). ^ "Saudi Aramco World : Living With the Animals". Archived from the original on 29 December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006. ^ Jump up to: a b (Alford 2001, p. 36). ^ (Ginor 1999, p. 3). ^ Sagar, Khan (12 February 2015). "About the history of foie gras". foiegrasgourmet.com. Foie Gras Gourmet. Retrieved 27 February 2017. ^ (Ginor 1999, p. 4). ^ (Giacosa 1994, p. 13). ^ (Langslow 2000, p. 153): "A second instance of the restriction of the sense of a Latin anatomical term to animals is iecur 'the liver' in Theodorus and Cassius. In both, the human liver is always hepar, while iecur is used of an animal (...)" ^ "Ficus,i" (...) Derivés: (...) ficatum n. (sc. iecur): d'abord terme de cuisine "foie garni de figues", cf. Hor., S. 2, 8, 88, ficis pastum iecur anseris albae, calque du gr. συκωτόν de même sens, puis, dans le langage populaire, simplement "foie" (...) et passé avec ce sens dans les langues romanes, où ficatum a remplacé iecur. A. Ernout, A. Meillet, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue latine, Éd. Klincksieck, Paris 1979. ^ (Toussaint-Samat 1994, p. 426). ^ Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, Henry Thomas Riley). Archived 13 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine For the original Latin text, see here [3]. The Latin text (ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff) of Perseus Digital Library places the corresponding text in a wrong chapter. URL accessed 30 December 2006. ^ (Faas 2002, p. 19) ^ Malkiel, Yakov (1944). "The Etymology of Portuguese Iguaria". Language. 20 (3): 108–30. doi:10.2307/410151. JSTOR 410151. ^ (Walter 2006, p. 40): "(...) for example, why it is not the word JECUR (a Latin word taken from the Greek) which has come down to us with the meaning of 'liver', but the Romance word ficato, which has become the French foie. The word ficato is formed on the Latin word FICUS 'fig', and would appear to have nothing to do with the 'liver' other than the Greeks, followed by the Romans, fattened their geese with figs to obtain particularly fleshy and tasty livers. The FICATUM JECUR or 'fig-fattened goose liver', which was very much sought after, must have become such a common expression that it was shortened to FICATUM (just as the modern French say frites as an abbreviation of pommes de terre frites). To begin with the word FICATUM probably designated only edible animal livers, with its meaning then being extended to include the human organ." ^ (Littré 1863, p. 137): "Feûte n'est pas mieux fait que foie; seulement, il conserve le t du Latin; car on sait que foie vient de ficatum (foie d'une oie nourrie de figues, et, de là, foie en général). Foie en français, feûte en wallon, fetge en provençal, fégato en italien, hígado en espagnol, fígado en portugais, témoignent que la bouche romane déplaça l'accent du mot Latin, et, au lieu de ficátum, qui est la prononciation régulière, dit, par anomalie, fícatum avec l'accent sur l'antépénultième." ^ Dizionario etimologico online: fégato. ^ (Ginor 1999, p. 8). ^ Jump up to: a b c d (Ginor 1999, p. 9). ^ (Davidson 1999, p. 311): "The enlarged liver has been counted a delicacy since classical times, when the force-feeding of the birds was practised in classical Rome. It is commonly said that the practice dates back even further, to ancient Egypt, and that knowledge of it was possibly acquired by the Jews during their period of 'bondage' there and transmitted by them to the classical civilizations." ^ (Alford 2001, p. 37). ^ Jump up to: a b c Eileen Lavine (18 November 2013). "Foie Gras: The Indelicate Delicacy". Moment Magazine. ^ Jump up to: a b (Ginor 1999, p. 11). ^ (Toussaint-Samat 1994, p. 427). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "China to boost foie gras production". Xinhua online. 11 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Foie gras: world production by country 2014 | Statistic". Statista. Retrieved 2 May 2019. ^ "Foie Gras Food Debate on StarChefs". ^ "Bio Clips: L'actualité bioalimentaire" (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Quebec) (direction des études économiques et d'appui aux filières). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b "Food Ingredients & Food Science – Additives, Flavours, Starch". FoodNavigator.com. ^ Thorpe, Nick (12 January 2004). "Hungary foie gras farms under threat". BBC News. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ "Foie Gras". European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare. Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ Rakotomalala, M. Élevage – La filière foie gras se porte bien Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Express de Madagascar. No. 5632. 15 May 2013. ^ Marinova‐Petkova, A.; Georgiev, G.; Petkov, T.; Darnell, D.; Franks, J.; Kayali, G.; McKenzie, P. (2016). "Influenza surveillance on 'foie gras' duck farms in Bulgaria, 2008–2012". Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 10 (2): 98–108. doi:10.1111/irv.12368. PMC 4746559. PMID 26663739. ^ Willsher, K. (5 August 2012). "Foie gras: French farmers defend 'tradition' after ban in California". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2015. ^ "Torture in a tin: Viva! foie-gras fact sheet". 21 July 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015. ^ "The foie gras sector in a few figures". Euro Foie Gras. Retrieved 28 May 2015. ^ François, Y.; Marie-Etancelin, C.; Vignal, A.; Viala, D.; Davail, S.; Molette, C. (2014). "Mule duck 'foie gras' show different metabolic states according to their quality phenotypes by using a proteomic approach. Comparison of 2 statistical methods". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62 (29): 7140–7150. doi:10.1021/jf5006963. PMID 24976256. ^ Samuel, H. (2015). "First foie gras trial under way in France". The Telegraph. Retrieved 28 May 2015. ^ Bekhechi, M. (2015). "Cruelty charges long overdue for foie gras farmers". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 May 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b Houck, B. (12 May 2016). "France places temporary ban on foie gras production". Eater. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ Samuel, H. (29 June 2016). "French foie gras faces soaring prices at Christmas in wake of bird flu scare". The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ Rousseau, O. (10 December 2015). "Fear in France as bird flu spreads". GlobalMeat news.com. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b DeSoucey, M. (2016). Contested Tastes: Foie Gras and the Politics of Food. Princeton University Press. ^ Decree 93-999 August 9, 1993 defining legal categories and terms for foie gras in France ^ Guémené D.; Guy, G. (2004). "The past, present and future of force-feeding and 'foie gras' production". World's Poultry Science Journal. 60 (2): 210–222. doi:10.1079/wps200414. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Foie gras production". CIFOG. 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2015. ^ Ravo, Nick (24 September 1998). "A Cornucopia of Native Foie Gras; Partners' Efforts Produce Menu Delicacy in Abundance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ Toulouse Goose Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine Pyrenees Biological Academy (in French) ^ Than, K. (25 January 2017). "Hungary's foie gras industry down with flu as millions of birds die". Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Skippon, W. (2013). "The animal health and welfare consequences of foie gras production". Canadian Veterinary Journal. 54 (4): 403–404. PMC 3595949. PMID 24082171. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Marie-Etancelin, C., Chapuis, H., Brun, J.M., Larzul, C., Mialon-Richard, M.M. and Rouvier, R. "Genetics and selection of ducks in France". Retrieved 25 May 2015.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "EU Report" (PDF). (277 KiB), section 4 ^ "EU Report" (PDF). (277 KiB) EU Scientific Report, p19 ^ "Welfare Aspects of the Production of Foie Gras in Ducks and Geese", p. 29 ^ "tours.inra.fr". Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ Guémené, D.; Guy, G.; Noirault, J.; Garreau-Mills, M.; Gouraud, P.; Faure, J. M. (2001). "Force-feeding procedure and physiological indicators of stress in male mule ducks". British Poultry Science. 42 (5): 650–657. doi:10.1080/00071660120088489. PMID 11811918. S2CID 9966682. ^ Serviere, J, Bernadet, MD and Guy, G. 2003. "Is nociception a sensory component associated to force-feeding? Neurophysiological approach in the mule duck". 2nd World Waterfowl Conference. Alexandria, Egypt ^ "Foie Gras Production Backgrounder". Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ "Animal welfare - Food Safety - European Commission" (PDF). ^ Koehl, PF and Chinzi, D. 1996. "Les resultats technico-economiques des ateliers de palmidpedes a foie gras de 1987 a 1994". 2eme journees de la recherche sur les palmipedes a foie gras. 75. ^ Chinzi, D and Koehl, PF. 1998. "Caracteristiques desateliers d'elevage et de gavage de canards et mulards. Relations avec les performances et techniques et economiques". Proceedings des 3eme journees de la recherche sur les palmipedes a foie gras. 107. ^ "EU Report" (PDF). (277 KiB), p60 ^ "Login". ^ Barber, Dan (November 2008). "Dan Barber: A foie gras parable" (video of a talk). TED. Retrieved 14 January 2014. I love [foie gras]. ^ "Can foie gras ever be ethical?". The Guardian. 14 January 2015. ^ "El Salón Internacional de la Alimentación de París, SIAL 2006, reconoce a la empresa extremeña 'La Patería de Sousa'" [The International Food Exposition in Paris, SIAL 2006, recognizes the Extremadura company "La Patería de Sousa"]. Economia. Extremadura Press (in Spanish). Badajoz, Spain. 16 October 2006. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2014. La entidad ha recibido el Premio "Coups de Coeur", en la categoría de Foie Gras, tras presentar a concurso su especialidad, única en el mundo, Foie Gras de Ganso Ibérico de alimentación ecológica y no forzada. [The company has been awarded the "Coups de Coeur" award in the Foie Gras category, after entering into the competition its specialty, unique in the world, of Foie Gras from Iberian geese that eat organic food and are not force-fed.] ^ "Foie gras sans gavage au salon de l'alimentation". Stop Gavage (in French). Marignane, France: L214. December 2006. ^ Morris, Sophie (13 January 2012). "IS IT EVER OK TO EAT FOIE GRAS?". The Independent. Retrieved 28 December 2020. ^ FAUX GRAS™ « the Regal Vegan ^ Glass, Juliet (25 April 2007). "Foie Gras Makers Struggle to Please Critics and Chefs". New York Times. ^ Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (1998). "Alternative Methods of Production". Welfare Aspects of the Production of Foie Gras in Ducks and Geese. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 57. ^ Barber, Dan (18 January 2015). "The farmer who makes 'ethical' foie gras". The Guardian. ^ Felix, Bernadette; Auffray, P.; Marcilloux, J. C.; Royer, L. (1980). "Effect of induced hypothalamic hyperphagia and forced-feeding on organ weight and tissular development in Landes geese". Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 20 (3A): 709–17. doi:10.1051/rnd:19800413. PMID 6961479. ^ "High-tech foie gras maakt dwangvoederen overbodig". Foodlog. Retrieved 21 September 2019. ^ "Bolenius". DierenwelzijnsCheck (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 September 2019. ^ Dinther, Mac van (20 December 2018). "Nagemaakte foie gras smelt net zo goed op de tong". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 September 2019. ^ Campbell, Lindsay (18 November 2019). "This French startup wants to be the future of foie gras". Retrieved 4 December 2019. ^ Au Pied de Cochon. Menu. Montreal. 15 June. 2006. ^ The New Encyclopædia, ed. Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck and Frank Moore. (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903): Vol. XIII, 778. ^ William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair, Ch. 9. ^ Webber, Andrew Lloyd (30 June 1981). Cats : the songs from the musical. Faber Music. p. 109. ISBN 978-0881882001. ^ O'Brian, Patrick, The Letter of Marque (Collins 1988), p. 189 https://books.google.com/books?id=au_T3vsNPIcC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=aubrey+maturin+letter+marque+strasbourg+pie&source=bl&ots=x5oLRJfEjI&sig=ACfU3U2mEYmadvnFM3RFYdUTW-C6yPCneA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg7-W6rvzpAhU2RzABHYrcDHkQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=aubrey%20maturin%20letter%20marque%20strasbourg%20pie&f=false ^ Schwartzkoff, Louise (2 February 2010). "Books – The Fat Duck Cookbook by Heston Blumenthal". The Sydney Morning Herald (Book review). ^ Nation's Restaurant News, 2004. ^ Serventi 1993, cover text. ^ Jump up to: a b "The goose is getting fat Politically incorrect it may be, but foie gras is storming British menus. Anwer Bati reports". The Daily Telegraph. London. 1 November 2003. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ ... goose liver is more delicate and less gamey tasting that its duck equivalent France: World FoodBy Stephen Fallon, Michael Rothschild ISBN 1-86450-021-2, ISBN 978-1-86450-021-9 page 49 ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Nace el Parti Animaliste en Francia". Partido Animalista – PACMA. ^ DeSoucey, M. (2010). "Gastronationalism food traditions and authenticity politics in the European Union". American Sociological Review. 75 (3): 432–455. doi:10.1177/0003122410372226. S2CID 29005152. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Report of the EU Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare on Welfare Aspects of the Production of Foie Gras in Ducks and Geese" (PDF). (277 KB) ^ Hoffmann, E. (1992). "A natural history of Cairina moschata, the wild Muscovy duck". 9th International Symposium of Waterfowl: 217–219. ^ Hoffmann, E. (1992). "Hybrid progeny from Muscovy and domestic ducks". 9th International Symposium of Waterfowl: 64–66. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Welfare Implications of Foie Gras Production". American Veterinary Medical Association. 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015. ^ Kozák, J. (2011). "Foie gras production: pros and cons in the light of animal protection". Journal of Animal Welfare, Ethology and Housing Systems. 7 (3): 200–209. ^ Servière, J., Carriere, M., Duvaux-Ponter, C. Guy, G. and Roussel, S. (2011). "Neurogenic inflammation in the upper digestive tract of the mule duck: effect of a chemical algogen and force-feeding" (PDF). British Poultry Science. 52 (6): 792–799. doi:10.1080/00071668.2011.640660. PMID 22221246. S2CID 41132302.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ Flamenta, A., Delleura, V., Poulipoulisa, A. and Marliera, D. (2012). "Corticosterone, cortisol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and uric acid plasma concentrations during foie gras production in male mule ducks (Anas platyrhynchos × Cairina moschata)". British Poultry Science. 53 (4): 408–413. doi:10.1080/00071668.2012.711468. PMID 23130574. S2CID 22716210.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Mohammed, A.A.A., Abdel-Rahman, M. and Darwish, M.H.A. (2014). "Force feeding as a stress factor on Muscovy ducks". Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research. 4 (4).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Heath, D.; Meneley, A (2010). "The naturecultures of foie gras: techniques of the body and a contested ethics of care". Food, Culture and Society. 13 (3): 421–452. doi:10.2752/175174410x12699432701024. S2CID 152347835. ^ "How to Go Vegan". ^ "Viva! – Vegetarians International Voice for Animals". Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ "Foie Gras". Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ Milne, E. (2012). "Sixty-three per cent of the British public wants foie gras banned". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 May 2015. ^ Tepper, Rachel (12 June 2013). "Undercover Foie Gras Footage Shot at Hudson Valley Foie Gras Alleges Cruel Practices (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 3 April 2014. ^ Zara, Christopher (12 June 2013). "Amazon Urged To Ban Foie Gras: Animal-Rights Group Calls Retailer A Lame Duck Over Controversial Food". International Business Times. Retrieved 3 April 2014. ^ Andy Lines (8 November 2013). "VIDEO: Cruelty of chef Gordon Ramsay's foie gras supplier exposed in shocking footage". mirror. ^ Westermark, Gunilla T.; Westermark, Per (2010). "Prion-like aggregates: Infectious agents in human disease". Trends in Molecular Medicine (Review). 16 (11): 501–7. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.004. PMID 20870462. AA amyloidosis can theoretically be transmitted to humans by the same route; thus, such food might constitute a hazard for individuals with chronic inflammatory disorders such as RA. ^ "Amazon bans foie gras". The Bugle. November 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2015. ^ Doward, Jamie; Owen, Jemima (18 December 2011). "Fortnum and Mason faces celebrity battle over its sale of 'cruel' foie gras". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ^ "Harvey Nichols bans 'cruel' pate". BBC. 3 August 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ "Foie Gras production banned in Brussels". Feedblix. 20 March 2017. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.